Tongbai mountain

Tongbai mountain

Tongbai mountain (vein) is located in the border area of Henan Province and Hubei Province of China. Most of the north side of its main ridge is in Henan Province. It belongs to the western section of Huaiyang mountain range, with northwest southeast trend. Experts commented that "it is more dangerous than Huashan Mountain, competing with Huangshan Mountain". Tongbai mountain area not only has unique Huaiyuan culture, but also has Pangu culture, Buddhism and Taoism culture, geological culture and Soviet culture. Former president Li Xiannian wrote inscriptions for "Tongbai hero monument" and "Tongbai revolutionary memorial". Tongbai mountain is an important base of revolutionary education for future generations.

Geographically, Tongbai mountain is the boundary between Huaihe River and Yangtze River.

Name evolution

Tongbai mountain, located in the south of Henan Province, is the boundary mountain between Hubei Province and Henan Province. One is Yu Shan. The earliest name can be found in Yugong: "guiding Huaihe River from Tongbai". The classic of mountains and seas: "Huaihe River comes out of Yushan". The mountain ranges run from northwest to Southeast. There are Dafu mountain, tianwangzhai, taizan mountain and other peaks. The highest peak is taibaiding, 1140 meters above sea level. Paifangdong is the source of Huaihe River. The ridge is the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River.

Location context

Tongbai mountain range is located in the western part of the southern Henan mountains, the border of Henan and Hubei provinces. Henan province occupies most of the north side of the main ridge. It is bounded by the eastern margin of Nanxiang basin in the Northwest (the mountains of Qiligang, Queshan, Biyang and Wuyang in Fangcheng county are the northern extension of Tongbai mountain), Wushengguan and Dabie Mountains in the southeast, Yingshan and Zaoyang in Hubei Province in the southwest. The mountain ranges extend from northwest to Southeast, with a length of more than 120 kilometers and an altitude of 400-800 meters, forming the watershed between the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River. The main vein of Tongbai mountain in the border area of Henan Province can be divided into East and West sections. The west section is the main part of Tongbai mountain, with a northwest southeast trend (Tongbai County and Xinyang City in Henan Province in the north; Zaoyang County, Sui County and Guangshui County in Suizhou City in Hubei Province in the South); the east section is located in fangmaling mountain, and the south section is Siwang mountain, with a northwest southeast trend. It is generally about 13 kilometers wide.

Geology and geomorphology

Tongbai mountain is a middle and low mountain area of granite and metamorphic rock with obvious erosion in modern times. There are many exposed rocks in the mountain area, and the surface soil is soft.

This area is located in the southern marginal area of Henan Province, including the vast mountainous and hilly areas to the east of Nanyang Basin, the west of Wuyang, Banqiao, Queshan and pingchangguan line, and the south of Xinyang, Guangshan, shuangchunpu and wumiao line.

The mountains and hills in the area mainly belong to the Botong mountains and Dabie Mountains, and some of them belong to the southeast extension of Funiu Mountains. Because it winds along the border of Henan and Hubei provinces, and then extends eastward into Anhui Province, it is called Huoshan mountain. Because it is located in the south of Huaihe River, it is also called Huaiyang mountain. The Tongbai Mountains extend from northwest to Southeast. The main ridge is mainly composed of shallow middle mountain and deep low mountain, and the north is composed of continuous low mountain and hill. The Dabie Mountains extend from east to west. The main ridge area is dominated by deep low mountains, shallow low mountains, deep middle mountains and shallow middle mountains, and the north side is mainly hilly. And some low mountains are scattered among them. The two mountains meet in Wushengguan, forming the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. There are obvious differences in Geomorphology in the area. The middle and low mountains are mainly distributed in the vast mountainous area south of Qiyi, Hongyi River, Dongjiahe, shihegang, segang, dingyuandian, Doushanhe, Shawo, Fushan and suxianshi. They belong to the northeast side of Tongbai mountain and the north side of the western section of Dabie Mountain. The two mountains are closely connected to form a relatively complete mountain. The low mountains and hills are mainly distributed in two areas. One is in the northwest of Tongbai Dabie Mountain area, which is composed of the remaining vein of Funiu Mountain and Tongbai mountain. The range roughly includes the low mountains and hills and basins in the north of Tongbai and Guxian line, and the southeast of Fangcheng and Yanglou line, forming a narrow and gentle mountain zone between Nanyang Basin and Eastern Henan Plain. Second, in the northeast, the landform type is mainly low mountains and hills, and the valley plain is also very common. It is mainly distributed along the banks of Guanhe River, Bailu River, Huanghe River, saihe River, Zhugan River, Youhe River and large tributaries. It is composed of floodplain and river accumulation terrace, with a width of 1-5 km. In addition, there are many large and small reservoirs in this area, including Nanwan, shishankou, Wuyue, Pohe and Nianyushan.

The geological structure of the area is a fold system extending from east to west, which is composed of gneisses and schists with different metamorphic degrees and migmatization. During the Yanshanian movement, the magmatic and fault activities were strong, which formed a wide range of granite intrusions and large-scale strike faults, which laid the foundation for the basic plane pattern of geomorphic Association in the area. Since Cenozoic, the area has been in a state of differential uplift, especially the neotectonic movement has an important influence on the formation of geomorphic ups and downs.

The mountainous area is not high and the terrain is broken, but because it is located in the plain area, it is still quite high and steep, becoming the natural watershed between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. Because the mountainous area is located in the north subtropical zone, the water and heat conditions are good, some subtropical trees grow in many places, and the wildlife resources are also very rich, so it is the area with more nature reserves in Henan Province.

This area is located in the northwest end of Tuiyang mountains, at the junction of Hubei and Henan provinces. It is bounded by Tangbai River alluvial plain in the west, sea water in the East, Zaoyang, Suizhou and Huayuan in the South and Hubei Henan in the North (including Zaoyang, Suizhou, Guangshui and Anlu). The geological structure belongs to Yingshan uplift of Huaiyang shield, east of Xiangfan City and west of Jingshui. It is an inverted compound anticline with granite core, which is called taibailing compound anticline. The part of Hubei Province is its south wing, and its composition strata are mainly Proterozoic metamorphic rock series, with a dip angle of 300 ~ 500 and a strike of NW-SE. The framework of the eclogite fold controls the shape and development of the secondary structure. The secondary channel folds on the wing are quite developed, and the axial direction is still NW-SE. It extends from 140 ~ 150 degrees to the southeast and turns to 130 degrees. The axial plane tends to the northeast and the dip angle is large, ranging from 50 to 60 degrees. between. However, according to the distribution of basic rock intrusions, the existence of Tertiary basins and the development form of water system, there are two kinds of dislocations: longitudinal fault and transverse fault. The basic rock intrusions in the whole area are distributed in NW-SE direction, mostly in straight line shape, which is the result of intrusion along longitudinal fault.

The river is most developed in the NNE direction, which is developed along the transverse fault layer. The tertiary sand shale is distributed in rhombic shape with straight rhombic edge. According to the regional structural characteristics, it is caused by faults. There are two groups of NW and NE, which are the result of the interaction of longitudinal and transverse fault layers. The general terrain inclines to the south, with Tongbai mountains as the backbone, and the strike of Shanwen is consistent with the tectonic line, which is NW-SE. This area is located on the south slope of the mountain. The cave flows are arranged in parallel and flow from northeast to southwest along the slope (basically from north to south, and the upstream is slightly east). It is a primary tributary of multi member water. Although taibaiding, the main peak of Tongbai mountain, is 1140 meters above sea level, it is generally 500 meters above sea level. The landform is fragmentary and low, which is composed of granite and metamorphic rock.

Guangshui area is a large area of residual hills and eroded red soil hillock. The terrain between Tongbai mountain and Dabie Mountain is also very low, with an altitude of about 200 meters. In the hilly area at the junction of Tangbai River alluvial plain at the west end, the altitude is about 200 meters, with strong erosion and more fragmented landform. Therefore, although there are three types of low mountains, hills and hills in the region, hills are the main type. Today, there are some 'J ~ forests dominated by pine, Chinese fir and standard tree species, and a few economic forests such as tea, tung oil tree and bamboo.

hydrographic features

Mountain hydrology

1、 Huainan mountain area is located in the south of Huaihe River, including Huainan plain, hills, Dabie Mountains and Tongbai mountains. It is bounded by the annual runoff depth contour of 300 mm in the north and the provincial boundary in the south. Most of the area is a strong cutting of low mountains and hills, mountain elevation of more than 500 meters, individual peaks up to 1000-1400 meters. The ground is relatively broken, with deep kaolin valleys, while the hills on the north side of the mountain are relatively low and gentle, generally 200-300 meters above sea level.

This area is one of the rainy centers in Henan Province, with the largest amount of water in the province. The annual rainfall is more than 1000 mm in most places, and more than 1200 mm in Dabie Mountains. The runoff coefficient is 0.3-0.5, and the annual runoff depth is 300-600mm. It is the most abundant water area in the province, and the annual runoff rheological difference coefficient is about 0.6. The minimum flow of the river in dry season occurs from December to February, and increases gradually after March. The Meiyu flood occurs from April to may, and the flood peak occurs frequently in midsummer (July to August). Because the flood leads to dry rainstorm, and the river source is short, the slope is steep and the flow is rapid, so the fluctuation is rapid and the duration is short. The modulus of water erosion is far less than that of Funiu Mountain area, which is one of the areas with less sediment in the province. The sediment content of river water is not large, generally only 1kg per cubic meter of water.

（3） The Huaihe River alluvial plain is bounded by Huainan mountain area in the south, Funiu Mountain Area in Qinling Mountains in the west, Nanyang Basin in the southwest and 200mm annual runoff depth contour in the north, including Huaibei low plain and Low Mountain hilly area of Funiu Mountain and Tongbai mountain. Its terrain is higher in the west, with an altitude of more than 200m, and in the east plain, with an altitude of about 50m. The annual precipitation in the area is between 800 mm and 950 mm, more than 50% of which is concentrated in summer

Chinese PinYin : Tong Bai Shan