Red bean tree

Red bean tree

Red bean tree (scientific name: < iormosia hosiei < / I Hemsl. Et Wils.) is a legume and red bean plant. Evergreen or deciduous trees, up to 20-30 m high, diameter at breast height up to 1 m; bark gray green, smooth. Branchlets are green, with yellowish brown hairs when young, and then become smooth; winter buds have brownish yellow hairs. Odd pinnate compound leaves, 12.5-23 cm long; petiole 2-4 cm long, rachis 3.5-7.7 cm long, rachis 0.2-2 cm long at the uppermost pair of leaflets, apical leaflets. Panicle terminal or axillary, 15-20 cm long, drooping; flowers sparse, fragrant; pedicel 1.5-2 cm long; calyx bell shaped, lobed; corolla white or lavender, flag petal obovate; stamen 10, anther yellow; ovary smooth glabrous, with 5-6 ovules, style purple. Pods suborbicular, flat, 3.3-4.8 cm long, 2.3-3.5 cm wide; seeds suborbicular or elliptic, 1.5-1.8 cm long, 1.2-1.5 cm wide, 5 mm thick, testa red, hilum 9-10 mm long, on one side of long axis.

Red bean trees are only distributed in Shaanxi (South), Gansu (southeast), Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou. It grows in riverside, hillside and valley forests, with an altitude of 200-900 meters and a sparse density of 1350 meters.

The red bean tree has the value of timber, medicine and landscaping, and has the profound meaning of Acacia. The wood is hard and fine, with beautiful texture and luster. The sapwood is not resistant to decay, and is easy to be eaten by insects. The heartwood is resistant to decay. It is an excellent wood carving craft and high-grade furniture material. The root and seed are used as medicine. The tree is elegant and is a good garden tree species.

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morphological character

Evergreen or deciduous trees, up to 20-30 m high, diameter at breast height up to 1 m; bark gray green, smooth. Branchlets are green, with yellowish brown hairs when young, and then become smooth; winter buds have brownish yellow hairs. The leaves are odd pinnate, 12.5-23 cm long; petiole 2-4 cm long, rachis 3.5-7.7 cm long, rachis 0.2-2 cm long at the uppermost pair of leaflets; leaflets (1 -) 2 (- 4) pairs, thinly leathery, ovate or ovate elliptic, sparsely suborbicular, 3-10.5 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide, apex acute or acuminate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, dark green above and pale below The lateral veins are 8-10 pairs, forming a 60 ° angle with the midvein, and the posterior veins and veinlets of the trunk are obviously raised into a grid; the petioles are 2-6 mm long, round, without grooves, and the petioles and rachis are sparse or glabrous.

Panicle terminal or axillary, 15-20 cm long, drooping; flowers sparse, fragrant; pedicel 1.5-2 cm long; calyx bell shaped, lobed, calyx teeth triangular, purple green, densely covered with brown pubescence; corolla white or lavender, flag petal obovate, 1.8-2 cm long, wing petals and keel petals are oblong; stamens 10, anthers yellow; ovary smooth glabrous, with 5-6 ovules, Style purple, linear, curved, stigma oblique. Pods suborbicular, flat, 3.3-4.8 cm long, 2.3-3.5 cm wide, apex with short beak, neck about 5-8 mm long, petals nearly leathery, 2-3 mm thick, brown after drying, glabrous, inner wall without septum, 1-2 seeds; seeds suborbicular or elliptic, 1.5-1.8 cm long, 1.2-1.5 cm wide, 5 mm thick, testa red, hilum about 9-10 mm long, on one side of long axis.

Growth environment

Red bean trees grow in riverside, hillside and valley forests, with an altitude of 200-900 meters and a density of 1350 meters. In the genus ormosia, ormosia is a species distributed in the northernmost latitudes, which is more cold tolerant.

Most of the natural distribution of red bean trees are in the low hills below 600 meters above sea level, on both sides of streams and in the closed mountains near villages. There are still small forests, mostly mixed in broad-leaved forest, and no pure forest growth. In Linggen village, Longquan City, China, the associated tree species are mangrove, Castanopsis kawakamii, Lithocarpus southeastern, Liquidambar formosana, etc., which live in the upper canopy, under which a variety of Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Theaceae, Ilex, Rosaceae, Leguminosae are associated. The site environment needs fertile soil, rich humus and high humidity.

Distribution range

Red bean is endemic to China, only distributed in Shaanxi (South), Gansu (southeast), Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou.

Growth habit

The lateral branches of the red bean tree are thick, and the crown is huge and umbrella shaped. After cutting, many sprouts can be drawn out, and one or two can grow into big trees. The flowering period is from April to may, and the fruit is ripe from October to November. When the tree is 25-30 years old, it begins to blossom and bear fruit. When the tree is 50-60 years old, it enters the full fruit stage, and it can continue to blossom and bear fruit for up to 100-200 years. There is flowering once every 2-4 years, or there is only one fruiting and high-yield year among them, and flowering and fruiting or non flowering also occur.

Methods of reproduction

The seed setting age of red bean tree is late, and there are different ages. The excellent mother trees of natural forest or artificial forest with more than 50 years of robust growth were selected for seed collection. When the pods are ripe and about to crack, climb up to the mother tree and take the branches with high branch scissors to collect the pods. The harvested pods are slightly exposed to the sun and then spread out in the room to make the pods naturally crack and thresh. The seeds are collected and stored in containers or bags after they are dried in the shade. The seeds are big, the weight of 1000 seeds is 200-250g, and the germination rate of field nursery can reach 70%.

As long as the soil is fertile, loose and well drained, the ridge land and the ocean surface field can be used as nursery land: poor drainage and low-lying waterlogged land, the seedling growth is poor, so it is not suitable for nursery. After applying enough base fertilizer to the nursery, the soil should be prepared to make a bed. The requirements of the seedbed are similar to those of Chinese fir and pine. The sowing method should be ditch drilling, with ditch depth of 2-3cm and ditch distance of 15-20cm.

The seed coat is hard, the cuticle is thick, the water permeability is poor, and the germination is difficult. Before sowing, the seed must be treated, and the cuticle must be destroyed by mechanical breaking or boiling water to make the seed absorb water and germinate in time, so as to improve the germination rate. After the seedlings are unearthed, the mulch should be removed in time to prevent the young buds from bending. When the young buds are about 1 / 3, all the mulch can be removed and weeds can be pulled out. Red bean seedlings grow fast, so weeding, soil loosening and fertilization should be carried out in time. From June to August is the fast-growing period of seedlings, and the high growth amount reaches 2 / 3 of the whole year, which consumes more nutrients. Topdressing should be carried out in time to promote growth. After the seedlings are fully closed, the seedlings should be thinned, and the over dense and pressed weak seedlings should be removed. In November, height growth stopped and winter buds formed. According to the seedling experiment, the height of 1-year-old seedlings can reach 40-60 cm, the ground diameter is 0.7-1.0 cm, the length of main root is more than 20 cm, and the length of root cap is about 21 cm. It can be planted out of the nursery, and can produce about 20000 seedlings per mu.

cultivation techniques

afforestation

The results showed that the red bean trees were suitable for afforestation on the hillside land below 600 meters above sea level and with moist and fertile soil, in front of and behind the house and on all sides of the house, especially on the plain roadside and riverbank. Red bean trees tend to fertilizer and water, and have high requirements for site conditions. Dry and barren soil and the parts of mountain top and ridge can not be planted. It is better to use massive hole reclamation, dig open hole and return surface soil, and the hole size is 60cm × 40cm × 40cm. Before afforestation, 0.5 Jin of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was applied to each hole as base fertilizer. In order to cultivate excellent dry wood, the afforestation density can be increased appropriately. The pure forest is generally 150-180 trees per mu, and the mixed forest is 120-150 trees per mu. The red bean tree is suitable to mix with juniper and Cunninghamia lanceolata, 2-3 rows of red bean tree and 1 row of juniper (Cunninghamia lanceolata). The rhizosphere part of ormosia bean seedling contains sugar. Before afforestation, the root of ormosia bean seedling should be watered with medicine slurry to prevent rodent damage.

Nurture

The growth rate of young red bean trees is medium. After afforestation, the early management should be strengthened to promote the growth and development of young trees. Weeding should be done twice a year in the first four years, tending should be done once a year in the fifth to sixth years, and the afforestation land with 167 trees per mu should be closed in the sixth year. The natural pruning of red bean tree is poor, and the young forest should be pruned properly after canopy closure, and some side branches that affect the growth of trunk should be pruned. The first thinning was carried out in 5-6 years after the young forest was closed. The pressed trees, dead trees and some over dense plants were removed, and the thinning intensity was about 30%.

In addition, according to the experimental investigation, the growth differentiation of young trees of red bean tree is large. The maximum height of one-year-old young trees is 216 cm, which is 2.5 times of the average value; the maximum ground diameter of young trees is 2.7 cm, which is 1.8 times of the average value; the maximum shoot pulling of young trees is 141 cm, which is 2.9 times of the average value. Therefore, it is urgent to speed up the research of improved variety breeding.

Pest control

Angular leaf spot

Damage symptoms: damage the new leaves of the same year. At the beginning of the disease, brown spots of needle size appeared on the leaves, and then gradually expanded into typical polygonal brown spots

Chinese PinYin : Hong Dou Shu