Hangu pass in Han Dynasty

strategic Qin-dynasty pass in Henan

synonym

Han Hangu pass generally refers to Hangu pass (ancient Chinese pass)

Hanguguan is located in Wangduo village, Hanguguan Town, Lingbao City, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. It is located on the plateau in the west, juejian in the East, Qinling Mountains in the South and the Yellow River in the north. It is the earliest Xiongguan fortress in Chinese history.

There are three Hanguguan in history: Qinguan is located in Wangduo village, 15 kilometers north of Lingbao City, Henan Province, about 75 kilometers away from Sanmenxia City; hanguan is moved to Xin'an County, Luoyang, 150 kilometers west of Qinguan. The other is called Weiguan, 5 kilometers north of Qinguan, but it was submerged when the Sanmenxia flood dam was built.

Qinguan, because it is located in the "two Beijing Ancient Road", close to the Bank of the Yellow River, closed in the valley, deep risk such as letter, so called Hangu pass.

brief introduction

Hangu pass used to be an ancient battlefield with horses whistling. It was an important pass in ancient China as well as Jianmen pass. Lao Tzu, an ancient thinker and philosopher in China, wrote Tao Te Ching in 5000 words. For thousands of years, many Taoists and Taoists at home and abroad have come here to worship their ancestors.

Hanguguan ancient culture tourist area, a national AAAA tourist attraction, is located at the junction of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces and in Lingbao City, the west gate of Henan Province, covering an area of 2 square kilometers. The main scenic spots include Taichu palace, Jiming terrace, guanlou, hanguan ancient road, etc.

Hanguguan is the holy land of Spirit Valley where Laozi, a great thinker and philosopher in ancient China, wrote Tao Te Ching, the great work of Taoist school. It is also the birthplace of Taoist culture. It is the gateway to Chang'an in the West and Luoyang in the East. It is the intersection of Henan culture and Qin Jin culture. It is also the strategic fortress for thousands of years. It is also the historical and historical story of Ziqi coming to the East and Jiming hanguan The origin of the legend. In the long history, it is famous both at home and abroad for its celebrities (Laozi), Masterpieces (Daodejing) and mingguan (Hanguguan).

geographical environment

Hanguguan is located in Wangduo village, 15km north of Lingbao City, Henan Province (according to the records of prefecture and state in the later Han Dynasty), where "Gucheng" comes out of the river and has Hanguguan. Gucheng is under the jurisdiction of Yin in Henan Province. The site should be near Chaiwan village, cijian Town, northwest of Luoyang, and Hanguguan in Eastern Han Dynasty should be 3.5 kilometers away from xinantong.) About 75 kilometers away from Sanmenxia City, it is located in the "Chang'an ancient road" and close to the Bank of the Yellow River. It's named because it's close in the gorge and dangerous. The ancient Wang family said: from the west of Lingbao, now Lingbao County, Henan Province, to the east of Tongguan, they are all called Taolin. From Xiaoshan to the west of Xiaoshan, we can see the famous mountains in Henan Province, Sangu and Tongjin to the south, which are known as Hangu.

In ancient times, the section from Gushan to Tongguan, located in the middle of the old road from Luoyang to Xi'an, was mostly in the valley, which was as dangerous as a letter, and was called the letter Valley in ancient times. In the Warring States period, Qin Xiaogong seized the land of Xiaohan from the state of Wei and set up Hangu pass here. This pass is 7.5 kilometers long from east to west, and the ancient road only allows one car to pass. It is known as "one man is the pass, ten thousand men are not allowed to open". In 241 BC, the states of Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Wei jointly attacked the Qin Dynasty, and then they were defeated. At present, there are Lingyin Wangqi terrace, mengchang junjiming terrace, Taichu palace, where Laozi wrote Tao Te Ching. Taichu palace has become an important place for believers at home and abroad to worship Laozi. In 1992, Lingbao municipal government invested in the reconstruction of guanlou in accordance with the original Guguan pattern. It has become a famous tourist attraction.

Hanguguan is located on the plateau in the west, juejian in the East, Qinling Mountains in the South and the Yellow River in the north. It is the earliest Xiongguan fortress in China. Founded in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is the throat of Luoyang in the East and Chang'an in the West. It is known as "Tiankai letter Valley, Zhuangzhong Guanzhong, Wangu shock dust to the north sky" and "Shuangfeng towering by the river, a battlefield of ancient letter Valley". It has been a place for military strategists since ancient times. In the third year of King Shenliang of Zhou Dynasty, King Huai of Chu took the division of the six countries to attack Qin. Qin sent a letter to the valley of heaven, which made the six countries' army "lay corpses and shed blood". In the sixth year of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, the armies of Chu, Zhao, Wei and other five countries committed crimes against Qin Dynasty, and "to the valley of letters, they were defeated.". "Liu Bang defends the pass and refuses Xiang Yu", "the Taolin war between the Tang army and the rebels in the an Shi rebellion" and the "Hangu pass war" between the Chinese army and the Japanese invaders in 1944 were all carried out here.

Hanguguan is not only an important military area, but also a key point of cultural and economic exchanges between the hinterland of the Central Plains and Northwest China in ancient times. Around this famous city, there are many historical stories and legends, such as "Ziqi Donglai", "Jiming goulei", "Gongsun Baima", "Xuanzong Gaiyuan". Tang Taizong, Tang Xuanzong, Sima Qian, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Sima Guang and other historical celebrities and scholars came to Guan to recite poems and Fu, and more than 100 of them have been handed down so far.

historical origin

During the Warring States period, except Qin, the other six countries of the seven heroes of the Warring States period United against Qin, but Qin successfully resisted the attack of the six countries in Hanguguan. Jia Yi's famous political treatise on Guo Qin in the Western Han Dynasty wrote: "so the scholars of the six countries Ten times as many places and millions of people beat the pass to attack Qin. The Qin people are the enemy of the nine kingdoms, and they dare not enter "Guan", which refers to Hangu pass. We can see its strategic influence.

Because Hangu pass was easy to defend but difficult to attack, after the uprising against Qin in the late Qin Dynasty, the newly established King Huai of Chu declared that whoever entered Guanzhong first would be the king of Guanzhong, and the pass referred to here was also Hangu pass. After that, Liu Bang entered Guanzhong first, but not directly into Hangu pass. The reason is that Hangu pass is easy to defend but difficult to attack. In addition, the capital of Qin is Xianyang, and the Qin army guarding Hangu pass must be elite. In order to avoid tackling difficulties, Liu Bang accepted Zhang Liang's suggestion to enter the pass by detour. However, Xiang Yu was dissatisfied with Liu Bang's entry and set up a Hongmen banquet, but he did not want to disobey the original announcement of King Huai of Chu. Therefore, he made Liu Bang king of Ba when he was canonized, and later became king of Han. Although Ba and Han also belonged to Guanzhong and Guannei (West of Hangu pass), they were uncultivated and uncultivated wasteland at that time, and even used to exile criminals in Qin and Qin Dynasties. However, Liu Bang still successfully accumulated strength in Hanzhong, and finally defeated Xiang Yu in the battle between Chu and Han.

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Guandu Wei was set up to guard Guandu. At the beginning of emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, the Seven Kingdoms rebellion broke out. Wu sent his minister Ying Gaoyou to say that king Jiaoxi said: if Wang fortunately agreed, King Wu would lead the king of Chu to go to the valley pass, guard the grain of aocang in Xingyang, refuse the Han soldiers, and rule the second place, it is necessary for him to be king. In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (114 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved from Yang Puyan to the new Anton Kingdom (now Xin'an County in Henan Province), and took Guguan as Hongnong county to govern Hongnong county. In the second year of Wang Mang's residence (A.D. 7), Zhai Yi and others in the east of Guandong set up troops and sent his ministry to garrison Hangu pass. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang batun attacked Xingyang and Zhongmou bandits in Hanguguan. Wang Yuan said: "please take a pill of mud and seal Hangu pass in the East. If you can't succeed in drawing the king, you will be able to dominate.". In the second year of the reign of emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, he went to Hanguguan after hunting in Shanglinyuan. Yanxi nine years, Fuxing Hangu pass. In the fifth year of Guanghe reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, the school hunted Shanglin, passed Hanguguan, and then hunted in guangchengyuan. In the second year of the reign of emperor Xiandi of the Han Dynasty, a group of heroes attacked Dong Zhuo. When Dong Zhuo forcibly moved emperor Xiandi of the Han Dynasty from Luoyang to Chang'an, he took the firm Hangu pass as the reason. At the beginning of Wei Zhengshi, he moved from Hongnong Taishou Meng Kangyan to Hangu pass, and then to Dagu pass and Jinguan pass.

In 303, the second year of Da'an in the Western Jin Dynasty, the eight kings' rebellion was in full swing. Sima Gu, the king of Hejian, raised his troops in Guanzhong and sent Zhang Fang, the famous general of his subordinates, to Hangu pass and invade Luoyang in the East.

In the next two thousand years, the dangerous Hangu pass often became the object of military competition, including the an Shi rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, and even the Anti Japanese war.

cultural background

military affairs culture

Hangu pass was built in the Western Zhou Dynasty. "It's named for the fact that in the valley, it's as dangerous as a letter. From Gushan in the east to Tongjin in the west, it is known as Hangu, which is called "Cihai". Hanguguan is close to the throat of Guhan, with Hengling in the west, juejian in the East, Qinling in the South and Yellow River in the north. The terrain is dangerous and the road is narrow. It is known as "the car is not square, the horse is not tied". "Taiping Huanyu Ji" said that "its city with river in the north, mountain in the south, Zhouhui five miles, more than 40 steps, two Zhang high.". Guancheng is grand and majestic, and guanlou is close to jindiebi. Because it is located in the center of Taolin fortress and the throat of Guhan ancient road, it is known as "Heaven opens, the valley strengthens Guanzhong, and the dust frightens the north through the ages" (Hu sushi of Tang Dynasty), "two peaks towering beside Taihe River, the valley is a battlefield since ancient times" (Jin Xinyuan's poem), "one man is in charge of Guanzhong, and ten thousand men are not allowed to open".

In the third year of King Zhou Shenliang (318 BC), the five states of Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han and Yan attacked Qin, and Qin defeated the army of six states according to the natural danger of Hanguguan. In the sixth year of the first emperor of Qin (241 BC), the five states of Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, and Wei attacked Qin, "when they sent letters to pass, they were defeated.". During the Warring States period, Wei occupied Hangu pass and locked Qin, Qin occupied Hangu pass and left Shandong. The joint attack of the six states on Qin Dynasty took Hangu pass as the battlefield.

At the end of Qin Dynasty, in the war between Chu and Han Dynasty, Liu Bang once defended the pass to prevent Xiang Yu from attacking. In the "an Shi rebellion" of the Tang Dynasty, the officers and soldiers and the rebels had a famous battle in Taolin.

In the 2000 years since the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, Hangu pass has gone through the seven heroes' struggle for hegemony, the struggle between Chu and Han, the peasant uprising of Huangchao and Li Zicheng, and the smoke and flames of the revolution of 1911, the war of resistance against Japan, and the war of liberation. No matter whether it is fighting for the Central Plains or forging ahead with Guanzhong, it is an important channel for Shandong to enter into Guanzhong, which shows the importance of Hangu pass. Hanguguan has always been a strategic place for military strategists.

The 50 kilometer long gorge has Hanguguan in the East and Tongguan in the West. "In history, there were 13 important wars in Hangu pass and 45 in Tongguan." There are tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of troops stationed in the valley. The military role of this section of the valley has been recognized

Chinese PinYin : Han Han Gu Guan