Sanggan River

Sanggan River

Sanggan River, formerly known as sangqian River, gets its name because it is said that every year when the mulberries mature, the river dries up. It was called Luoshui in ancient times. It is the upstream of Yongding River and an important tributary of Haihe River. It is located in the northwest of Hebei Province and the north of Shanxi Province. Shangyuan is Yuanzi River and Huihe River in Shanxi Province. Generally, Huihe river is the main source. The two rivers are called Sanggan River when they meet near Shuozhou. After Huiyang river passes through Guanting reservoir between zhuguantun and Jiahe village in Huailai County, Hebei Province, it is Yongding River. It is 506 km long and has a drainage area of 23900 square kilometers. Its main tributaries are Huangshui River, Yuhe River, Hunhe River and Huliu river.

The upper reaches of Sanggan River flow through the Loess Plateau with serious soil and water loss. In the old days, the river channel was often silted up, especially in the lower reaches. At the end of the 17th century, after taking extensive flood control measures, the lower reaches of Yongding River began to be called Yongding River. After the founding of new China, through the construction of Cetian Reservoir, Guanting reservoir and downstream diversion, the flood was basically eliminated, but due to the reduction of upstream water source, the cutoff became an important factor threatening Sanggan River.

Sanggan River Basin is the cradle of human civilization at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei, which gave birth to the ancient civilization represented by Nihewan culture in Yangyuan.

Name evolution

In the late Pleistocene of the Quaternary, most of the ancient lakes such as Datong Basin and Yangyuan basin disappeared and became lacustrine plain. In ancient times, the abundant spring water, together with the rain water falling on these basins and the surrounding mountainous areas, gathered together to form a big river, flowing eastward along the trend, passing through the Zhuolu Huailai Basin and connecting with the "Sanjiadian River". Today, the rudiment of Sanggan River is roughly formed.

Sanggan River is a river with changeable names. It is called bath water in the book of mountains and seas in the pre Qin period. In the book of mountains, BEICI three Classics: "another five hundred miles to the north, it is said to be Zhun in the mountain of Wufeng What's the matter with bath water? " Mr. Tan Qixiang believes that bathing is water control, that is, today's Yongding River. "Hanshu, geographer" called it water control, which was in Yanmen County yinguan County, xiayun: "tired head mountain, water control out, east to Quanzhou sea of people, over the County six, thousands of miles." In the book of Han Dynasty, the legend of yanciwang is also recorded as Tai (Yinyi) Shui. The above-mentioned "bathing" and "water control" are actually one kind of water. They are either misinterpreted due to the similarity of the characters, or used differently due to the similarity of the pronunciation. Shuo Wen Jie Zi, written by Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is also known as jueshui, which says: "jueshui comes out of Leitou mountain in yinguan (county) of Yanmen (county) and flows into the sea in the East, which is also called water control. It can be seen that Sanggan River is called Yushui in Warring States period, Zhishui in Western Han Dynasty, Jishui in Eastern Han Dynasty and Northern Wei Dynasty, and sangqian River in Sui and Tang Dynasty. However, there are more complicated name changes in the lower Sanggan River in different historical periods. For example, Yongding River used to be called Qingquan River (Han and Wei dynasties), Gaoliang River (Han and Wei dynasties), Lugou River (Jin Dynasty), and Hunhe River, Xiaohuanghe River, Wuding River and so on after yuan and Ming Dynasties. The change of river names reflects that with the increasing frequency of human activities in the basin, the hydrological situation is also deteriorating, especially after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is easy to silte and flood. It was not until the 37th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1698) that the river course was renovated and embankments were built on a large scale.

As for Sangganhe, it is the result of the simplification of the character "Gan" to "Qian" after the 1950s.

General situation of main stream

Sanggan River is the upstream of Yongding River. Yongding River belongs to Haihe River system. Its main source is Huihe river which originates from Miaoergou at the north foot of Guancen mountain in Ningwu County, Shanxi Province. Huihe River and Yuanzi River are called Sanggan River after they meet in Mayi village, Shuozhou City. Sanggan River flows out of Shanxi Province in nanxuzhuang, Yanggao County, and converges with Yanghe River in zhuguantun, Huailai County, Hebei Province, which is called Yongding River. After that, Sanggan River flows through Hebei Province and Beijing City, and flows into Haihe River in Tianjin city and into Bohai Sea.

The upper reaches of Sanggan River is located in the north of Shanxi Province, and the administrative divisions it flows through are mainly the majority of today's Shuozhou City. The length of the river section flowing through Yingxian county is about 35.1 km (measured by Google Earth), which is the largest and oldest river in Yingxian county.

Shanxi Section

Sanggan River, the upstream source of Zihe and Huihe two rivers. The mainstream Huihe river originates from the watershed village of Guancen mountain in Ningwu County, and the Yuanzi river originates from the JIEKOU mountain in Zuoyun County. After the confluence of the two rivers in Mayi village, Shuozhou City, it is called Sanggan River. It is said that it gets its name because the river dries up when the mulberry is very mature every year. It flows through Shuocheng, Shanyin, Yingxian, Huairen and Datong counties, into Cetian Reservoir, to weijiaxiaobao village in Yanggao County, and into Hebei Province. Shanxi is a 252 km long river with a drainage area of 15464 square kilometers. The annual average natural runoff of Daxinzhuang station in Yanggao County is 773 million cubic meters, and the annual average sediment concentration is 52.4 kg per cubic meter. The counties the river passes through are mountainous areas in the north and South and Datong Basin in the middle.

It is 124 km long in Shuozhou City, with an average annual water flow of 4.51 m3 / s.

Huihe River, originating from Guancen mountain in Ningwu, flows into sangqian river at Shentou spring in Shuocheng District, with a length of 74 km, a drainage area of 1273 km2 and a clear water flow of 0.38 m3 / s.

Hebei Section

Sanggan River is said to dry up when the mulberry is ripe every year, so it is named. It originates at the northern foot of Guancen mountain on the Shanxi Plateau, flows through Datong Basin in the northeast, flows into Hebei Province in the northeast, receives Huliu River in qianjiashawa, Huashao Township, Yangyuan County, flows through Xuanhua county and Zhuolu County in the northeast, and joins with Yanghe River between zhuguantun and Jiahe village at the junction of Zhuolu county and Huailai County before entering Guanting reservoir and leaving Guanting reservoir It is called Yongding River, then flows through Sanjiadian to enter the plain, and then discharges to Qujiadian and the North Canal. In 1970, the Yongding New River was excavated from below Qujiadian, and the Yongding River directly flows into the sea.

hydrographic features

Sanggan River has Shentou spring in Mayi village, Shuo county, with an average flow of 7.4 cubic meters per second. The largest flood occurred in the history of Sanggan River in 1896, with a flood peak of 5040 m3 / s. In the tenth year of Tongzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1871), the last ten days of the lunar calendar were rainy, and the flood peak was 4190 m3 / s. In 1939, Tianjin was flooded, and Sanggan River was also flooded. The center of rainstorm was Hunyuan, and the county seat of Hunyuan was flooded.

Main tributaries

The main tributaries are Huangshui River, Hunhe River and Yuhe river. If Sanggan River is the main source of Yongding River, Yanghe River is also a tributary of Sanggan River. If Huihe river is the main source of Sanggan River, Yuanzi river is also a tributary of Sanggan River.

Huangshui River is also called wet water. It originates from wangwanzhuang in Shuocheng District, passes through Shuocheng district and Shanyin county to Yingxian County, and joins sangqian river at yita village in Yingxian county. The territory is 103 km long, with a drainage area of 3630 square kilometers, and the clear water flow is 0.13 m3 / S ~ 1.5 m3 / s. The river is as muddy as yellow soup, and the riverbed is uncertain, which has done great harm to the farmland and villages on both sides of the river in history. In recent years, the amount of water has decreased, and it often dries up without water.

Hunhe River, known as kaechuan water in ancient times, originated from Gushan (nanlingguan) in Hunyuan county. From Hunyuan to Yingxian County, to Xinqiao village of Huairen County, it flows into sangqian river. The total length of the territory is 42 km, and the clear water flow is 0.45 m3 / s. Due to the impoundment of Zhenziliang reservoir in Yingxian County, it is more favorable for farmland production.

Yuanzi River (Yuanzi River) originates from xingzibao village of Zuoyun County, flows through Youyu county and Pinglu District, and joins Sanggan River in Shuocheng district. It is a seasonal river with a length of 133 kilometers, a drainage area of 1068 square kilometers and a clear water flow of 0.2 cubic meters per second.

Yuhe River, originated in the northwest of Fengzhen County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is called Yinma River. It enters Shanxi Province in Qiangbao Town, Datong City, and is called Yuhe river. The main stream of Yuhe river is 155 km long and flows into Sanggan River in shangjiazhuang, Datong City, with a total area of 5503 square kilometers, including 2376 square kilometers in Inner Mongolia.

Shentou spring group is one of the famous large karst spring groups in Shanxi Plateau. It is exposed at the intersection of Huihe River and Yuanzi River and supplies Sanggan River directly. The spring group covers an area of 5 square kilometers and has a large amount of spring water flow, with an annual average (1956-1984) of 8.15 cubic meters per second and a maximum flow of 9.78 cubic meters per second. In 2010, the average flow was only 6.54 m3 / s.

Yanghe River was called Xiushui and yuyanshui in ancient times, Yanghe River in Liao Dynasty and Yanghe River in Ming Dynasty. Because of its numerous tributaries, abundant water and vast water, it is named Yanghe River. Shangyuan has three tributaries of Dongyang River, Xiyang River and Nanyang river. Dongyang river is the longest, up to 135 km. After the three tributaries confluence with Huaian and Wanquan counties, they begin to be called Yanghe River. They flow eastward through Huaian and Wanquan counties, turn southeast, pass Xuanhua and Xiahuayuan District of Zhangjiakou City, and reach the junction of Zhuolu and Huailai to join Sanggan River. This section is 118 km long and 253 km long. The drainage area is 15470 square kilometers. The river bed is 150-1100 meters wide with an average annual discharge of 17.6 cubic meters per second, belonging to the Haihe River system. It is a perennial river with 70 days of glaciation. The main tributaries are Qingshui River, etc.

Governance and development

irrigation

Sanggan River irrigation area, located in the southwest of Datong Basin, Shanxi Province, is located in Shanyin county and Ying County of Shuozhou City, with a total land area of 617000 Mu and a designed irrigation area of 360000 mu. It is one of the large-scale natural irrigation areas in Shanxi Province. The water source of the irrigation area is Dongyulin reservoir on the main stream of Sanggan River, and its inflow runoff is surface runoff of Sanggan River and discharge water under Shentou spring

Chinese PinYin : Sang Gan He