aquarium

aquarium

Aquarium (Public Aquarium), aquarium is a place for aquatic organisms breeding, exhibition and popular science education, as well as a place for aquatic resources protection and scientific research. The aquarium can cultivate marine or freshwater organisms, or both; there are public aquariums for viewing or popularizing scientific knowledge, and there are aquariums for scientific research and teaching. The so-called "underwater world" and "polar ocean world" also belong to the aquarium. The name "Aquarium" is often used in some aquarium stores.

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Historical development

embryonic form

Sumerians are known to be the first fish farmers. They built ponds to raise fish at least 4500 years ago. The records of fish culture can be traced back to ancient Egypt and Assyria. As early as 1000 B.C., Chinese people raised carp for food. They probably made the first achievements in fish culture. Their selective breeding method for ornamental goldfish was later introduced into Japan. In Japan, the cultivation of ornamental carp has been improved. The ancient Romans raised fish for food and entertainment. They were the first known sea water bioreactors; they built fish ponds and poured fresh water into them. Although goldfish could be raised in glassware in England as early as the mid-17th century, it was not until a century later that people understood the relationship between oxygen and animals and plants that fish tank culture was established.

development

By 1850, the breeding of fish, amphibians and reptiles had been very helpful to the study of nature. The term aquarium first appeared in the work of British ornithologist Philip Gosse. His and others' works have sparked public interest in aquatic life. The world's first aquarium for exhibition was opened to the public at Regent's Park in 1853. Later, the Berlin aquarium, Naples aquarium and Paris aquarium were established one after another.

P. T. Barnum, the founder of the circus, realized the possibility of commercial use of living aquatic animals and opened the first private aquarium for exhibition in the New York Museum in 1856. By 1928, there were 45 public or private aquariums in the world. Since then, the development speed has slowed down, and only after the Second World War did several new large aquariums appear. In Asia, the first aquarium was built in 1930. Under the initiative of Cai Yuanpei, Yang Xingfo and others, the Qingdao aquarium in China was established by social donation.

Finish

Many cities in the world have public and commercial aquariums. The other type of aquarium is mainly for scientific research, among which the most famous are the aquarium in Naples, the aquarium in the Institute of Oceanography in Monaco, the aquarium in Plymouth, England, and the aquarium in Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. Another kind of aquarium is the temporary aquarium for exhibition in the world expositions and exhibitions.

Marineland, Florida is the first large-scale marine aquarium, opened to the public in 1938 as a private enterprise; it features giant fish tanks and trained dolphins. The Pacific Ocean World in Palos Verdes, California, and the ocean aquarium in Miami are similar. The special value of this type of aquarium is its huge water tanks, each with a capacity of one million gallons, in which all kinds of fish are kept without separation. In formal aquariums, such as the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, different kinds of fish are separated.

By 1970, there were 468 aquariums on the World Aquarium list.

expectation

The goldfish and tropical fish raised in the aquarium can not only be used as ornamental, but also as experimental materials for medicine, genetic selection, fish culture, radiobiology and environmental protection. Large scale breeding ponds can not only domesticate dolphins for various wonderful performances, but also domesticate dolphins as "underwater patrol soldiers" to protect offshore fish. With the depletion of marine fish resources in the world, marine aquarium has become an important experimental base for artificial insemination and hatching of many kinds of fish and improving the efficiency of aquatic animal breeding.

Modern public aquarium Baltimore Aquarium: founded in 1981. The total water storage capacity is 5680 tons, including 982 tons for dolphin pond, 836 tons for large fish tank, 190 tons for fish annular tank, 266 tons for seal pond, and more than 5000 kinds of animals. (seawater type)

Hong Kong Ocean Park Aquarium: built in 1977. It is equipped with three-dimensional elliptical large water tank, with a storage capacity of 2000 tons, 200 kinds of fish and 30000 fish. The water storage capacity of the sea animal performance pool is 1500 tons, and there are also giant sea pools for raising sea lions and seals. (there are two types of seawater and fresh water)

Jiangzhidao aquarium, Japan: built in 1957. Its water capacity: 5000 tons for large sea animal pond, 94 tons for sea water tank and 15 tons for fresh water tank. 368 species and 7217 animals were raised. (there are two types of seawater and fresh water)

Aquarium, Museum of marine science, Tokai University, Japan: built in 1956. There are three-dimensional prismatic large water tanks with a capacity of 600 tons, feeding 60 species of fish and 3000 fish; 31 ordinary water tanks, feeding 2000 warm and cold water marine fish and freshwater fish; 12 cylindrical water tanks, feeding tropical coral reef fish. (seawater and fresh water)

Breeding species

Aquarium sea animals

They include dolphins, killer whales, pseudokiller whales, seals, sea lions, walruses and seals. They are the key breeding objects of the world's major aquariums. After being trained, sea animals can do all kinds of wonderful performances and are popular with the audience. There must be a large-scale rearing pond for raising sea animals, and the sea water must be washed and replaced frequently to avoid the water quality polluted by the excreta of sea animals. Because marine animals do not have strict requirements on water quality, they can be treated by chemical methods. For example, disinfection with chlorine (but chlorine can kill fish) can control bacteria and improve the transparency of water. In the mainland, whales and dolphins can be raised in artificial sea water with 2% sodium chloride solution. Seals and sea lions can also be raised in fresh water.

Animal reproduction

Many large aquariums around the world have succeeded in breeding dolphins and seals. By 1986, the third generation of spotted seals had been bred in Qingdao aquarium. Most freshwater tropical fish breed in aquariums. In China, artificial insemination and hatching of shrimp, red snapper, Takifugu rubripes and Paralichthys olivaceus have been successfully carried out in the aquarium. Breeding of marine tropical fish is also under exploration.

Treatment and prevention of fish diseases

If the water is not filtered properly, the fish disease will spread to the whole aquarium. In the world, the research on freshwater fish disease is more in-depth, and the treatment methods are more effective; but the research on seawater fish disease has only developed, and many treatment methods are still in the exploration stage. The prevention of fish diseases in aquarium should be emphasized. First, the water quality should be kept clean and the residues should be removed in time to avoid breeding bacteria and infecting fish diseases. Second, the water temperature should be appropriate and the oxygen should be sufficient to prevent the fish from being sick due to the discomfort of water temperature or lack of oxygen. Third, the bait should be fresh and properly fed to ensure that the fish have sufficient nutrition, normal growth and development, and enhance the resistance to diseases. The newly caught fish should be isolated and observed in the temporary pond. In particular, the animals transported from abroad or other places must be strictly quarantined, and can only be put into the breeding pool after proving that there is no disease. The feeding pool should be thoroughly disinfected before stocking.

The common marine fish diseases in aquarium include external damage, white spot disease, egg dinoflagellate disease, vibriosis, monogeneic trematode disease and exophthalmos. In order to prevent the harm of fish disease, it is necessary to find the disease as soon as possible, make correct diagnosis and effective treatment. The methods of administration include whole pool sprinkling, short time immersion, local smearing, oral administration and injection. Commonly used drugs are copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, potassium permanganate, bleaching powder and antibiotics. Bathing in fresh water is also effective for some marine parasitic diseases.

Aquarium plants

Proper planting of aquatic plants in freshwater aquarium

① It can beautify aquarium;

② It absorbs carbon dioxide exhaled by fish and releases oxygen;

③ Absorbing fish excreta decomposed by bacteria to purify water quality;

④ It can be used as an attachment for fish eggs and a hiding place for frightened young fish;

⑤ The young parts of some aquatic plants can be used as supplementary food for herbivorous fish.

The common aquatic plants in Chinese tropical fish aquarium are: water fern, namely chrysanthemum grass, crown grass, hypericum, willow grass, pagoda grass, wire grass, Pipa grass and antler grass. The aquatic plants often planted in Goldfish Aquarium are: Phyllostachys heterocycla, mangjianghong, Sophora japonica, Myriophyllum, Vallisneria and Hydrilla, etc. Among them, myriophylla is often used as the spawning bed of goldfish. The species and significance of algae cultivation in recirculating seawater aquarium and water tank are still in the stage of exploration. Water flow, light, temperature and other conditions should be considered when planting seaweeds.

Chinese PinYin : Shui Zu Guan