Hunan guild hall

Hunan guild hall

After the Republic of China, Hunan guild hall gradually became a place for Hunan students to study or make a living in Beijing. It was built in 1887. It is located at 101 lanman Hutong, Xuanwu District. Now it is a key cultural relic in Beijing.

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Guildhall rose in Ming Dynasty and reached its peak in Qing Dynasty. Liu Dong, a man of the Ming Dynasty, wrote in a brief introduction to the scenery of the imperial capital: "the hall of tasting and testing was set up in the capital, which was not found in ancient times

Jialongjian. " The fact that the guild hall began in the years of Jiajing and Longqing (1522-1572) is a case in point. According to statistics, Nanchang guild hall in Jiangxi Province was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, and Daye guild hall in Hubei Province was built in 1936.

Hunan guild hall was built in 1887. The residence of Ju Zi from Hunan, Beijing officials and candidates who came to Beijing for examination. During the period of the Republic of China, it became a place for Hunan revolutionaries. There are 66 houses. The central part is a quadrangle structure, and the western part has Wenchang Pavilion, huizhao hall and theater. The existing buildings are: 10 East rooms with five purlins in depth, one of which is a wide bright gate; 5 main rooms with five purlins in depth and two East ear rooms; 2 East and West Wing rooms with five purlins in front of the corridor; 3 East Wing rooms with five purlins in the South and 5 West Wing rooms with five purlins in depth; 5 southernmost sitting rooms with five purlins in depth and five front porches. All houses are Hewa hard peak, over ridge. It is now used in lanman Hutong kindergarten and is well preserved.

Before the division of Yongzheng Province in Qing Dynasty, Hunan had no Guildhall in Beijing. In 1872, Tan Jitong's father, Tan Jixun, and several officials from Beijing and Hunan Province bought an official house in beibanjie Hutong as public property of Hunan Province. In August of the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1887 A.D.), officials of Hunan nationality in Beijing bought a house in the Lanlan alley facing south of Caishikou and set up a "Hunan guild hall". On the west side of the middle of this splendid lane, there is a County Hall "Xiangxiang guild hall" with six floors and dozens of rooms, which was founded by Zeng Guofan, an important Minister of the Qing Dynasty. From the "Xiangxiang guild hall" southbound dozens of steps is the provincial hall "Hunan guild hall". According to "Hunan guild hall in Beijing", there are 36 halls, including a stage, a loft in Wenchang, East Hall, WangHeng hall, West Hall and atrium. A pair of stone lions squat outside the Red Gate of the guild hall. On the wall of the south room is embedded the stele of chenkuige in Guangli temple, King Asoka of Mingzhou, which was re engraved by Xu Shujun in Changsha in 1884. The guild hall also has two public property gardens and two ancestral halls. After the Republic of China, Hunan guild hall gradually became a place for Hunan students to study or make a living in Beijing. It is reported that Mao Zedong Yipu lived in Hunan guild hall in Beijing for a period of time.

Function of guild hall

The function of the guild hall is explained in the modern Chinese Dictionary: "the guild hall is an organization set up in the capital, provincial capital or large commercial port by people from the same province, government, county or trade. It is mainly used for the gathering or lodgings of fellow countrymen and trade in the house of the museum site.". "Cihai" explains: "institutions set up by people of the same origin or industry in the capital and major cities have libraries for the gathering and lodging of fellow villagers."

The guild hall can be divided into trial hall, guild hall and instrument hall. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing was the capital and the political and commercial center of the country. In addition, there is a joint examination every three years, and businessmen, students and officials on standby gather in Beijing. In order to facilitate the accommodation of these people, an examination hall is set up. According to the records of Xuanwu District of Beijing, "in 1904, when the imperial examination ended, 201 examinations were held in Beijing, and more than 1.2 million people came to Beijing to take the examination." "During the examination period, these guilds are full of people." In the triennial examination, the number of candidates for each session is 6000 or 7000, plus the accompanying personnel, the number is considerable. Food and accommodation became a top priority. Therefore, the number of trial halls is the largest, accounting for the vast majority of guild halls. The rooms of the museum are generally small and quiet, which is a good place for scholars to get together. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing has been not only the political and cultural center of the whole country, but also the economic center. With the prosperity and development of urban economy and the expansion of commodity circulation, industry and Commerce have become more prosperous. In order to safeguard their own interests, or coordinate their business, or contact with each other, to cope with peer competition and eliminate dissidents, these industrialists and businessmen need to hold regular meetings, meetings and banquets Drink, then there is the establishment of the chamber of Commerce and industry. This kind of guild hall is usually set up according to different industries, so it is also called guild hall. There are also Yi halls, which are mainly used to park the coffins of the dead in Beijing. The number of them is very small, and they are usually built in remote places near the city.

There are many functions of Guildhall, such as connecting feelings, holding group visits, relieving crises, holding banquets for longevity, weddings and funerals, etc. All provinces, prefectures and counties have set up guildhalls in Beijing one after another. The Provincial Museum has Anhui, Fujian, Henan, etc., the state-level Museum has Huazhou, Shunde, etc., and the county-level Museum has Zhongshan, etc.

Historically, the southern part of the capital is full of guilds. According to the records of Chaoshi congzai in the 12th year of Guangxu reign, there are 384 guildhalls in Beijing. According to the records of shuntianfu by Guangxu, there are 414 guilds in Beijing. These guilds are all located in Nancheng. Except for more than 30 places in Chongwen District, most of the rest are concentrated in Xuanwu District. According to the statistics of Xuanwu District annals of Beijing, "by the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were 511 guild halls in 170 streets and alleys in Xuannan area, including 33 in the Ming Dynasty and 478 in the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China." In a small area, there are so many guild halls, which can be called the most in the country.

There are many reasons why the guild hall is in Xuannan. In the Ming Dynasty, there were guild halls in the inner city, that is, the East and West cities. In Qing Dynasty, there were some changes, such as the separation of Manchu and Han. There are royal families and Eight Banners in the inner city, and Han people are not allowed to live in. This pushed the guild hall out of the inner city. The East is rich and the west is noble. Most of the merchants are Chongwen merchants, while Xuanwu is mostly Han officials, including bachelor Ji Xiaolan, who also lives in Xuannan. Geographically, Nancheng is closer to Gongyuan, the examination hall. Imperial examination and official career are inextricably linked, emphasis on literature light business, of course, would like to be neighbors with officials. This is one aspect. On the other hand, at that time, most of the people who came to Beijing had to go through Guang'anmen via Lugouqiao ferry. In addition, there are many shops, Xuannan bookstores, Liulichang bookstore and four treasures of study in Dashilan area. There are many literati and refined scholars in Dashilan area, and the cultural atmosphere is deep. In this way, the literati living in the guild hall not only saved the cost of board and lodging, but also facilitated reading, exchanging and learning.

Scale of guild hall

The size of the guild hall varies with the economic strength and enthusiasm of the people in Beijing. There are four or five courtyards and several floors across the courtyards. Some of them have clubs for parties and banquets, temples for gods, Kuixing and Xiangxian. Some of them have gardens and corridors. Others have theatres for parties and performances. With all kinds of attached properties, kindergartens and schools, the scale is even larger. For example, Anhui guild hall in xuanwai housun Park was initiated by Li Hongzhang brothers in 1868 and built by Huaijun generals. It has great regulations and is composed of three roads and nine courtyards. This is a provincial guild hall with more than 60 houses and a big garden. The Museum covers an area of over 8800 square meters. Another example is the Hunan guild hall in the north half of the Hutong, which has 36 buildings, a stage, Wenchang Pavilion, a living room and a meeting place. There are more than 10 property attached houses for rent. In addition, there are four Yiyuan and one school. There are also differences in the size of guild halls at the state and county levels. The large guild hall is composed of more than ten yards, such as Xiuning guild hall in Anhui Province. The small Guildhall has only one courtyard, such as Xi Zi Guildhall in Ji'an, Jiangxi Province.

On the surface, the guild halls are all small dilapidated bungalows, but they are rich in historical and cultural connotations. In fact, Guildhall became a place for political and social activities. Many important historical events and important historical figures in modern times were related to Guildhall.

Evolution of guild hall

From the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examination extended to all dynasties, to the last period in 1904, 1300 years ago, the guild hall was mainly set up for examination. Since the 13th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1415), the location of the imperial examination moved northward with the capital until the Qing Dynasty. A total of 201 imperial examinations were held every three years in Beijing, so the "top scholar's auspicious residence" began to appear in the capital city, which was rented to provide accommodation for the examiners. In Beijing, there are 6000 or 7000 examinees, and 1.2 million examinees before and after the exam. In addition, the servants and followers have to solve the problem of food and accommodation. The examinees on the list have to wait for the palace exam, and those who fail in the exam and are short of money or have a long way to go will continue to study hard in Beijing and try again later. As a result, some officials and gentry and well-known fellow countrymen raised funds to buy land and property, and they also made a lot of exam oriented guilds and clubs.

The origin of guild hall

Hunan and Hubei were subordinate to Huguang Province in Qing Dynasty. In Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, Huguang province was abolished and Hubei and Hunan provinces were established. In the 12th year of Jiaqing period, Prime Minister Liu Yunfang and shaozai Li Xiaosong established Huguang guild hall in Hufangqiao. Before Yongzheng branch of Qing Dynasty, there was no special library in Hunan. In 1887, Tan Sitong's father, Tan Jixun, and other Hunan natives went to lanman Hutong to raise funds to build Hunan guild hall. According to the book "Beijing Hunan guild hall" compiled in the 12th year of the Republic of China, there are 36 halls, including a stage, a Wenchang loft and an East Hall

Chinese PinYin : Hu Nan Hui Guan