Songshan Nature Reserve

Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

synonym

Songshan Nature Reserve generally refers to Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve is located at the south foot of Haituo mountain in Yanqing District of Beijing, in Jundu mountain of Yanshan Mountains, with a total area of 4671 hectares, 90 kilometers away from the urban area of Beijing and 25 kilometers away from Yanqing County. It borders Huailai County and Chicheng County in Hebei Province in the West and North, and fuyukou and Shuiyu villages in Zhangshanying town of Yanqing County in the East and south. In the reserve, the only large natural Pinus tabulaeformis forest in North China and the typical natural secondary broad-leaved forest in North China are preserved. Due to the high forest coverage, the wildlife species in the reserve are also quite rich. As the best preserved ecosystem in the northwest of Beijing, it plays an important role in water conservation, sand resistance and air purification.

Historical evolution

Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve was founded in 1985, and was promoted to the National Forest and Wildlife Nature Reserve in 1986, thus becoming the first National Nature Reserve in Beijing.

From 1987 to 1989, Beijing Forestry Bureau organized the management station of Beijing Wildlife Nature Reserve to conduct a special investigation on the wildlife resources in the reserve.

From 1990 to 1991, researcher Hu Bailin of Beijing Museum of natural history made a detailed investigation on the bryophyte resources in the nature reserve. It has been found that the bryophyte communities belong to 115 species, 62 genera and 28 families.

In 2001, Songshan Nature Reserve compiled the master plan of Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve.

From 2001 to 2006, the first phase of the reserve has built a new specimen exhibition hall, a teaching laboratory building, a fire prevention watch tower, and renovated and added restaurants, shops, roads, etc. These constructions are very important for strengthening management, carrying out propaganda and education, protecting and developing precious and rare wild animal and plant resources.

From 2004 to 2005, the insect and macrofungi resources in Beijing forest protection station were investigated.

After 2006, the construction of the nature reserve has been accelerated obviously. Many parties have strived for funds, organized experts to carry out on-the-spot investigation, carried out eco-tourism planning, organized environmental protection and fire prevention engineering demonstration, etc. the problems and solutions of the nature reserve have been discussed, and a series of projects have been completed, including the reconstruction of electric lines, the renovation of Herbarium, the construction of small conference rooms, the redemption of surrounding hotels, and the establishment of a monument for the nature reserve A series of measures have achieved phased results.

In 2007, the dynamic monitoring of forest resources was carried out, including class I sample plots and national key ecological public welfare forest monitoring sample plots, and 21 fixed monitoring sample plots were established to carry out long-term positioning monitoring of forest resources in the reserve.

In 2008, the master plan of the nature reserve was revised, and biodiversity protection is still the primary goal of the nature reserve.

geographical environment

Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve is located in Yanqing District, northwest of Beijing, 90 kilometers away from the city and 25 kilometers away from Yanqing County. The geographical coordinates are 115 ° 43 ′ 44 ″ - 115 ° 50 ′ 22 ″ E and 40 ° 29 ′ 9 ″ - 40 ° 33 ′ 35 ″ n. It borders Huailai County and Chicheng County in Hebei Province in the West and North, and fuyukou and Shuiyu villages in Zhangshanying town of Yanqing County in the East and south. In the hinterland of the reserve, there is an administrative village, DAZHUANGKE village, Zhangshanying Town, Yanqing County.

Regional scope

Functional zoning is an effective and necessary tool for the protection and management of nature reserves. The zoning can divide the sites with different protection levels and utilization levels, so that some areas in the protected area can be fully protected, while others can be properly opened, providing the public with opportunities to contact and understand nature. As of 2013, Songshan Nature Reserve is divided into five areas, which belong to three types, including two core reserves, two buffer strips and one experimental area.

core area

The important protected objects of Songshan Nature Reserve are natural Pinus tabulaeformis forest, deciduous broad-leaved secondary forest and their wildlife resources, which are mainly distributed in the north and southwest. Therefore, the core area is divided into two parts, the north core area is 1365.1 hectares, the southwest core area is 453.9 hectares, a total of 1819 hectares, accounting for 39.4% of the total area of the nature reserve. The core area is the concentrated distribution area of rare wild animals and plants, which has a well preserved natural forest ecosystem. No unit or individual is allowed to enter this area. If it is necessary to enter the core area for scientific research, the application and activities must be submitted to the Management Office of the reserve in advance.

buffer

The buffer is divided into two parts: the buffer in the north core area and the buffer in the southwest core area. The buffer area in the north is 786.5 hectares, and that in the southwest is 476.58 hectares. The total area of the two buffer zones is 1263 hectares, accounting for 27.1% of the total area of the reserve. The buffer zone is the transition zone between the core area and the experimental area. As the buffer zone of the core area, it can be engaged in a variety of scientific research observation, investigation and other work, but it is absolutely forbidden to cut forests in any form, and generally not allowed to carry out forest tourism activities.

Experimental Area

Considering the requirements of ecotourism and local residents' life, Songshan Nature Reserve also has an experimental area. This is in addition to the core area and buffer zone, including tangzigou in the East and the area along the line from the entrance of the reserve to DAZHUANGKE village. For a long time, there have been more human activities in these areas, the existing vegetation is relatively poor, and there are farmhouses and farmland, so there are basically no main protected objects. The area of the reserve is 1578 hectares, accounting for 33.68% of the total area of the reserve. The experimental area is an area where human activities are relatively frequent in the nature reserve. Within the scope permitted by national laws and regulations, scientific experiments, teaching practice, visiting and investigation, tourism, domestication and breeding of wild animals and plants, and rational utilization of other resources can be carried out in the experimental area.

Protection target

natural resources

plant resources

The topography of Songshan Nature Reserve is complex, and the altitude changes greatly, from 627.6m at the lowest to 2198.4m at the highest (Dahaituo peak, the second highest peak in Beijing). The change of temperature and water distribution caused by the change of altitude makes the vegetation vertical distribution zone and rich plant species.

Songshan is named after pine. There is the only natural secondary Pinus tabulaeformis forest in North China. They are mainly distributed in the warm and humid pine trees in the east of the reserve, and belong to the core area of the protection.

Deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest is another typical vegetation type in Songshan. They are composed of different deciduous broad-leaved tree species, mainly Fraxinus chinensis, Ulmus pumila, Tilia amurensis, Juglans regia, Quercus mongolica, etc. The mixed forest is the most abundant community type in Songshan Nature Reserve, which is mainly distributed in the dry western part of Songshan Nature Reserve.

In addition to Pinus tabulaeformis forest and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, there are many other vegetation community types in Songshan, and their distribution areas are corresponding to various natural conditions.

According to the survey, as of 2013, there are 783 species and varieties of vascular plants in 109 families, 413 genera (including 713 species and varieties of wild vascular plants in 106 families, 380 genera), accounting for 49.8% of the total number of similar plants in Beijing, including 26 species of Pteridophytes in 14 families, 18 genera; 5 species of gymnosperms in 3 families, 4 genera; 682 species of angiosperms in 88 families, 358 genera.

Songshan flora is mainly composed of North China flora, belonging to the North China Plain mountain subregion of Pan Arctic flora and China Japan forest flora. Typical temperate species include Rosaceae, Gramineae, Compositae, Liliaceae and Cruciferae.

There are many fungi and bryophytes in Songshan mountain. Up to 2013, 55 species of Macrofungi in 23 families, 3 classes, 6 orders, 28 families, 62 genera and 115 species of bryophyte community have been identified, including 6 species in 6 genera and 6 families of bryophytes and 109 species in 56 genera and 22 families of bryophytes.

Animal resources

The natural environment in Songshan Nature Reserve is complex, and the vegetation is in good condition. The altitude change with a drop of more than 1400 meters creates suitable conditions for the survival and reproduction of wild animals. The fauna is mainly composed of Palaearctic species, while the Oriental species account for a small number. As of 2013, there are 216 species and subspecies of vertebrates in 68 families, including 29 species of mammals in 15 families, 158 species and subspecies of birds in 44 families, 15 species of reptiles in 5 families, 2 species of amphibians in 2 families and 12 species of fish in 2 families. The first-class protected animals include leopard, Golden Eagle, white shoulder eagle and black stork.

In Songshan, all kinds of birds, fish, frogs, squirrels and butterflies are the most common wild animals. They often appear around the trails. However, some of the larger mammals are very rare. They are often found in the core areas of mountains where human activities are rare. In 2005, the staff of Songshan Nature Reserve found the footprints of leopard activities in the reserve, indicating that this fierce mammal may return to Songshan again.

In addition, there are abundant species of insects in Songshan. As of 2013, there are 540 species of insects in 98 families of 16 orders (including 9 families and 1 species)

Chinese PinYin : Song Shan Zi Ran Bao Hu Qu