tulips

tulips

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

.

Tulip (scientific name: < itulipa gesneriana < / I l

）It's tulip in Liliaceae

Perennial herbs with bulbs. The English name is "garden tulip" or "Didier's tulip".

Tulip is widely believed to be native to Turkey,

It's Turkey, the Netherlands, Hungary

And so on.

Leaves 3-5, strip lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, flowers single terminal, large and gorgeous, perianth piece red or mixed with white and yellow, sometimes white or yellow, 5-7 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, 6 stamens of equal length, hairless filaments, no style, stigma enlarged, cockscomb shaped, flowering from April to May.

morphological character

Perennial herbs. The bulb is conic, about 2-3cm in diameter, covered with yellowish to brown outer membrane, with 2-5 fleshy scales inside. Stems and leaves smooth, covered with white powder. Leaves 3-5, banded lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, entire and wavy, often hairy, of which 2-3 are broad and basal. Flowers are solitary, large, erect, cup-shaped, magenta, bright yellow to purplish red, with dark purple spots at the base, 6 perianth segments, free, obovate oblong, flowering from March to May. Capsule loculicidal dehiscence, seed flat.

Growth habit

Tulip is native to Mediterranean coast, Central Asia and Turkey

. Because of the Mediterranean climate, tulip adapts to cold and wet winter and hot and dry summer. It has the characteristics of dormancy in summer, rooting and sprouting in autumn and winter, but does not come out of the ground

It began to spread and grow to form stems and leaves, and flowered from March to April. The optimum temperature for growth and flowering is 15-20 ℃. Flower bud differentiation is carried out during the storage period when the bulbs are dug up from the pot and put in the cold outdoor for summer when the stems and leaves turn yellow. The optimum temperature for differentiation is 20-25 ℃, and the maximum temperature should not exceed 28 ℃.

Tulip is a long sunshine flower. It likes to face the sun and avoid the wind. It is warm and humid in winter and cool and dry in summer. It can grow normally above 8 ℃ and can endure low temperature of - 14 ℃. The cold resistance is very strong. In severe cold areas, if there is a thick snow cover, the bulbs can overwinter in the open field, but they are afraid of the heat. If the summer comes early and the midsummer is very hot, it is difficult for the bulbs to spend the summer after dormancy. It is required to be a slightly acidic sandy loam with rich humus, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. Avoid alkaline soil and continuous cropping.

Classification of varieties

After the horticultural period of hybrid cultivation, the world has more than 8000 varieties. About 150 species are produced in large quantities, among which red, yellow and purple are the most popular.

A new tulip variety, Guotai tulip, was discovered in 1999 by Dutchman Yang Caro. The whole flower is in the shape of a deep purple feather parrot. On March 24, 2014, Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan named the new purple Parrot Tulip "Cathay Pacific" at the invitation of the Dutch Royal family.

"Cathay Pacific" gives this purple tulip a new connotation of world peace, national prosperity and people's well-being. Now it has become a national foreign affairs activities, large-scale celebrations, Chinese and foreign flower exhibitions, high-end hall decoration display, as well as high-standard etiquette gift flowers

.

Tulip cultivars can be divided into early flowering and late flowering.

Distribution range

It is native to Mediterranean coast, Central Asia and Turkey. This species is a widely cultivated flower with a long history and many varieties.

Methods of reproduction

It is commonly used to divide and sow.

Meristematic reproduction

After one season of growth, 1-2 large bulbs and 3-5 small bulbs can be produced around the mother ball. It can be planted separately according to the size of the seed ball. The big ball can blossom in the same year after planting, and the small ball can also blossom in 1-2 years of cultivation.

Sowing and propagation

Tulip is often used to breed new varieties. The seeds were collected before capsule ripening and dehiscence, stored in sand and sown indoors in October. Keep it moist and germinate the next spring. Flowering about 3-4 years.

cultivation techniques

Field management

Control temperature

The optimum temperature of tulip growth period is 5-20 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 15-18 ℃. The growth temperature of tulip plant should be kept at 0-25 ℃. The growth temperature of tulip root should be above 5 ℃, below 14 ℃, especially about 10 ℃. The optimum temperature for flower bud differentiation is 17-23 ℃. When the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, flower bud differentiation will be inhibited. In addition, tulip has a strong cold resistance, it can endure the low temperature of - 35 ℃ in winter, and it begins to grow when the temperature is above 8 ℃.

Water management

In the process of cultivation, excessive irrigation should be avoided, but the water demand should be sufficient within one week after planting, and the water demand should be reduced after germination, especially when flowering. Watering should be done "a few times". If it is too dry, the growth will be significantly delayed. During the growth of tulip, the air humidity should be kept at about 80%.

Light conditions

When the bulbs germinate, the elongation of flower buds will be inhibited by sunlight. Therefore, it is necessary to plant deeply and shade properly in order to prevent the adverse effects of direct sunlight on the growth of bulbs.

Soil and fertilization

Sandy loam soil is the best, and slightly acidic soil is the best. Tulips prefer to be fertilized, and they should be fertilized before planting. Generally, dry chicken manure or decomposed compost is used as base fertilizer, and sufficient irrigation is needed. Plough and rake carefully 2-3 days before planting to ensure loose soil. The liquid fertilizer can be applied 1-2 times after two leaves of the seed ball. The compound fertilizer with balanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be applied 3-4 times a month in the peak growing season. The fertilization should be stopped in the flowering period, and the liquid fertilizer of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or compound fertilizer should be applied 1-2 times after flowering.

Seed ball storage

The conditions of bulb storage directly affect the flower bud differentiation and the flowering time of the plant. The harvested bulbs should be placed in a ventilated, dry and cool place as far as possible. If conditions permit, the bulbs can be placed in the cold storage at 15-17 ℃ in the high temperature season from July to August, then the development of the bulbs will be smooth and the flower bud differentiation and development will be promoted. If the bulbs were exposed to high temperature above 35 ℃, flower bud abortion and abnormal development would occur.

Pest control

The main diseases of tulip are rot sclerotia, gray mold and broken petal. The control method is to select virus-free seed balls as far as possible, disinfect the soil and seed balls, burn the diseased balls and plants in time, and then spray 5% benedet wettable emulsion 2500 times every half month. The main pests of tulip are aphids and root mites. Aphids are usually sprayed with 1000 times 40% dimethoate emulsion.

Pathogenic bacteria

TuBV is known as tulip broken color virus.

Distribution area:

Characteristics of the disease: Tulip broken color virus can be transmitted by SAP, aphid and seed ball. Tulip round tail aphid mainly transmits virus in bulb storage period, but not in growth period. Most of the bulb varieties imported from Holland in Shanghai and other places can only be planted for 2-3 years, and then gradually degenerated and became smaller, or even could not bloom. The virus is the main reason for the degeneration.

Prevention and control methods:

(1) The disease-free bulb was selected as the propagation material. For the introduced tulip bulbs, the method of combining shoot tip culture with heat treatment should be used to detoxify, establish virus-free breeding base, obtain non-toxic seedlings, and then enter the market.

(2) If tulip aphid is found active during bulb storage period or other aphids are found in the field, it should be sprayed with 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times in time to prevent its transmission.

(3) The diseased plants were pulled out in time.

(4) Planting tulip fields, it is best to stay away from lily plants, to prevent transmission of virus.

(5) In the areas with serious disease, it is better to choose single tulip varieties with more disease resistance.

Main value

Medicinal value

Sexual taste

Bitter; bitter; flat.

Functional indications

To remove dampness and prevent pollution. It is characterized by spleen and stomach dampness, chest and epigastric fullness, nausea and abdominal pain, halitosis and greasy fur.

① Materia medica: the main all odor, in addition to the heart and abdomen between the evil spirit, into the incense medicinal.

② "Kaibao Materia Medica": it is full of poisonous insects, evil spirits and evil spirits.

Usage and dosage

Oral: decoction, 3-5g. External use: appropriate amount, gargle with water.

pharmacological action

It has been reported that there is a toxic alkaloid in flowers and leaves. Its physiological effect is similar to that of veratrine. Tulip glycoside ABC has inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis. After the tulip juice passed through cation and anion exchange resin, it still had antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus. The alcohol extract from stems and leaves has antibacterial effect on Bacillus cereus mycoides, and its active components contain many kinds of amino acids.

Ornamental value

Tulip is a world-famous bulb flower, or an excellent cut flower variety. The flowers are vigorous and straight, the leaf pigment is elegant and beautiful, and the lotus like flowers are dignified and moving, which is popular. In Europe and America

Chinese PinYin : Yu Jin Xiang