Changling

Changling is the mausoleum of Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty. Liu Bang is the first emperor in China who "has the world with three feet of cloth", and also the founder of the Western Han Dynasty. The whole Changling mausoleum area is composed of three major areas: mausoleum, Mausoleum town and funeral Tomb of meritorious officials. The number of people who were buried with meritorious officials and the regular pattern were unique in the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty.

Changling

Changling, located in the north of Sanyi village, Yaodian Town, about 20 kilometers east of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, is a joint Tomb of Liu Bang and empress Lu of the Han Dynasty.

There are two tombs in the East and west of Changling, gaozuling in the West and lvhouling in the East. In front of the mausoleum, there were two stone tablets erected by Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty. Besides, the tiles with characters of "Changling dongdang", "Changling Xidang" and "Changling xishen" belonging to the Western Han Dynasty were unearthed near the mausoleum, which confirmed that the mausoleum here was indeed Changling.

On January 13, 1988, Changling was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

geographical environment

Zhang Shoujie's Shiji Zhengyi: "according to kuodizhi, Changling is located in the east of Xianyang County, Yongzhou."

Pei Pei's Shi Ji Ji Ji Jie: "Changling mountain is 20 steps from east to west and 13 Zhang high. It's in the north of Weishui River and 35 Li to Chang'an city."

Changling is located in the north of Sanyi village, Yaodian Town, about 20 kilometers east of Xianyang City, about 30 kilometers away from the center of Xi'an

. The site of the mausoleum is located at the highest point of Xianyang, which is the former site of Xianyang palace of Qin Dynasty. It faces Weiyang palace across the river in the south, Jiushan in the north and Jingwei River in the north.

Historical evolution

Changling is the first imperial mausoleum built in the Han Dynasty. It is the mausoleum of Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and the mausoleum of LV Zhi, Queen of the Han Dynasty.

Changling is also called "Changshan" or "Changling mountain". The name "Changling" is related to the ancient name "Changping" or "Changping Osaka". Some people think that "Changling" is named after the first word of "Chang'an", the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. In fact, there are many "Changling" tombs of the founding emperor, and "Chang" means "Chang".

According to historical records, the Changling mausoleum was built in the second year after Liu Bang became emperor. It was built in imitation of Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. On a sunny day, standing on the high platform of the site of the front hall of Weiyang palace, the towering "Changling mountain" is clearly visible. In the cemetery, there are also luxurious dormitories and private halls.

Although the scale of the construction of the Han mausoleum is not the largest in the mausoleum of the Han Dynasty, its accompanying tombs are the largest among the mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty, and constitute a huge mausoleum group. As Yan Qian of the Tang Dynasty put it in his Changling poem, "the high palace of Changling, where an Liu is buried, is full of marquis."

According to the geography annals of the Han Dynasty, in order to prevent the nobles of the six states of Guandong from making trouble, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty set up Changling city in the north of Changling when he was born. He moved the nobles of the six states of Guandong and the powerful families of Guannei into the City for centralized care, and let them worship the cemetery. The registered permanent residence of the city reached 5057, with a population of 79469.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the red eyebrow army invaded Chang'an, slaughtered the city and set fire to Chang'an, and turned to excavate Chang'an mausoleum. Gao Zuling and LV houling were both in disaster.

Shape structure

According to historical records, the tomb of Changling is 30 feet high and 120 steps wide. It is a very tall tomb. The mausoleum of Changling is square. The two mausoleums are parallel in East and West. Gaozu mausoleum is in the West and lvhou mausoleum is in the East.

The construction system of the imperial mausoleum in the Han Dynasty is that the emperors and empresses are buried together in different mausoleums. The latter mausoleums are all in the east of the imperial mausoleum, and the mound is smaller than the imperial mausoleum. However, the layout of the Changling Mausoleum of the Han Dynasty is very different. The construction of the Changling mausoleum is the most special among the mausoleums of the emperors, which highlights the great political achievements made by Empress Lu before and after the imperial system and her historical contribution to the Western Han Dynasty.

The two tombs, Liu Bang and Lu Zhi, are juxtaposed, and their mounds are almost the same size. This phenomenon did not appear in the construction of emperor's Mausoleum after the Western Han Dynasty. Even empress xiaowendou, who had made great contributions to the development and construction of the Western Han Dynasty, her funeral specifications were far from the height of empress Lu. This shows that empress Lu played a very important role in consolidating and stabilizing the weak early Han regime after Liu Bang's death and had a great political influence. Empress Lu's political achievements before and after Liu Bang's death brought her almost the same political honor and burial standard as the emperor.

Inside and outside the mausoleum, there are many buildings, such as sleeping halls, convenience halls, Mausoleum temples, as well as places where palace people, officials and troops guarding the mausoleum live. The palace is the main sacrificial place for the emperor or the emperor's mausoleum in the Han Dynasty. In the middle of the hall, there is a god seat for the dead, displaying the Han Gaozu's "clothes, crowns, sticks, like living utensils". The palace people in the mausoleum, like serving the Emperor and empress before they died, respectfully give food four times a day

This is the etiquette system of "sacrificing in bed on the day". Then the hall is the sleeping hall next to the place to rest leisure banquet. Before and after the important sacrificial activities, many participants can have a rest here. In addition, there are also clothes used by the Emperor (or queen) in the hall for the four seasons sacrifice, which is not available in other Han Dynasty emperors' mausoleums.

To the north of the cemetery is the location of Changling City, and to the east of the cemetery are the tombs of meritorious officials. Among the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, the number of tombs in Changling and the regular pattern of tombs are unique among the tombs of the Han Dynasty. After Liu Bang died, he was buried in Changling. Each tomb covers a small area, but the space between the front and back of the tombs is roughly the same, and they are arranged in an orderly way. There are three shapes: bucket, cone and mountain.

archaeological discovery

From 1970 to 1976, Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Administration Commission conducted a comprehensive survey of Changling and found a large number of physical remains.

Main mausoleum area

Changling is rammed with loess and covered with a bucket. It is still as high as 33 meters. According to the survey, the bottom of the tomb is 153 meters wide from east to west and 135 meters long from north to South; the top of the tomb is 55 meters wide from east to west and 35 meters long from north to south, which is similar to the historical records. In front of the mausoleum stands a stone tablet named "Han Gaozu Changling" written by Bi Yuan during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. Under the mausoleum is the underground palace where Liu Bang was buried. According to Han Jiuyi, the underground palace of the Han Dynasty imperial mausoleum contains "neizi coffin, Baihuang intestines, which are collected by the next hundred officials. It has four gates, six carriages and six horses. The four sides are involved, and the east stone stands outside. First, the sword households are closed, and the households are equipped with night dragon, moye sword, Fu Nu and Fu Huo. " When entering the coffin of Zi, all the pearls are in Ru jade box, with gold thread. The Changling mausoleum has not been excavated, and the internal structure of the underground palace is unknown.

The south wall of the existing Changling cemetery is 225 meters long and 7 meters wide, the west wall is 200 meters long and 9 meters wide, and the north wall is 600 meters long and 9 meters wide. According to the actual measurement, the side length of the cemetery is about 780 meters and the perimeter is 3120 meters, which is basically consistent with the literature records.

Lvhouling is 280 meters southeast of gaozuling, and the shape of the earth is the same as gaozuling. It is 150 meters from east to west, 130 meters from north to south, 50 meters from east to west, 30 meters from north to south, and 30.7 meters high. In the Western Han Dynasty, the emperor and empress were buried together in the same tomb but in different caves. That is to say, they were buried in the same cemetery, but they had their own graves. Moreover, most empresses built their own cemeteries, and only Changling shared a cemetery for the emperor and empress.

The plan of the cemetery is rectangular, 1000 meters long from north to South and 900 meters wide from east to west. A 23 meter wide gate site was found in the middle of the west wall. On the ground of the west city wall, a rammed earth remains 600 meters long, 6 meters wide and 3 meters high. Mausoleum is located in the south of the cemetery, Gaozu mausoleum in the west, lvhou mausoleum in the East, about 250 meters apart. In the northwest corner, southwest corner, southeast corner of the cemetery and along the south wall, there are six large-scale palace sites.

At 130 meters north of Gaozu mausoleum, 350 meters north of lvhou mausoleum, and just south of lvhou mausoleum, 30 meters away from the south wall, there are each large-scale architectural sites. Many relics have been unearthed, such as various forms of cirrus tiles, tiles, etc., which are ceremonial buildings such as bedroom hall and convenience hall at that time.

Changling town

To the north of the cemetery is the location of Changling Town, which is located in Yiwei village, Hanjiawan Township, Xianyang city. The mausoleum is slightly rectangular. The city wall is made of rammed earth. It is long from north to South and wide from east to west. According to the records of Guanzhong, "Changling city has three sides: South, North and West, but no city in the East. The funerary people are all in the East. They moved to the east of Guanzhong to be regarded as the Mausoleum City."

The south wall of the mausoleum overlaps with the side wall of the mausoleum, and there is no wall in the East. The south wall of the old city is 1245 meters long, and the remains are 1100 meters long and 9 meters wide. There are vestiges of door openings in the middle. The west wall is 2200 meters long, and the extant remains are 1000 meters long and 9 meters wide. In the middle of the wall is the Ximen site, which is 15 meters wide. The ramming layer is as solid as stone. Most of the northern city walls were destroyed, and some traces of the wall were preserved intermittently. The longest section was 200 meters and the width was 7 meters. The north wall is opposite to the south gate.

In changlingyi area, we have found half tiles with double animal patterns of trees, a large number of tiles, water pipes, production tools, etc. From the literature records and the remains of ruins and unearthed cultural relics, we can see the prosperity of Zhuyan colorful buildings and Chema Renxi.

Funerary grave

The burial area of Changling starts from the cemetery in the West and extends for seven kilometers to the South Bank of Jinghe River in the East. Sixty three of these tombs are still in existence. The most famous are Xiao He, Cao Shen, Zhou Bo, Zhou Yafu, Wang Ling, Jixin, Tian ran, Tian Sheng and Wang Peng's mother Ping

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Ling