Imperial Mausoleum of Northern Song Dynasty

The imperial mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty was built in 963 ad for more than 160 years. It is the mausoleum of seven emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhao Hongyin (the father of Zhao Kuangyin). In addition, there are nearly a thousand mausoleums for empresses, princes, grandchildren, and meritorious officials around. Therefore, a large-scale and majestic royal mausoleum group is formed, which can be called an open-air Art Museum. It is a very precious material for the study of Song Dynasty's laws and regulations and stone carving art.

The imperial mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty is also the only tomb facing south in China.

Song Mausoleum

synonym

The imperial mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty generally refers to the mausoleum of the Song Dynasty

Song mausoleum is the imperial mausoleum of the Northern Song Dynasty. It is located in Gongyi City between Zhengzhou and Luoyang, with Songshan Mountain in the South and Yellow River in the north. It is the mausoleum of the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) and his family.

There are more than 300 Mausoleums in the song mausoleum, covering an area of 156 square kilometers,

More than 700 stone carvings are of great cultural and artistic value.

The mausoleum group covers the other seven emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty except Huiqin and the mausoleum of Zhao Hongyin, the father of Zhao Kuangyin. Around the eight imperial tombs, there are more than 300 tombs of empress, royal families and famous generals.

The mausoleums of Ministers such as Kou Zhun and Bao Zheng are also among them. It is the first to set up several mausoleum areas, which reflects the royal order of order and hierarchy, and forms the Royal funeral culture with rigorous theory and unique characteristics.

In 1982, song mausoleum was announced by the State Council as the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

The mausoleum of Song Dynasty is also one of the key projects for the protection of 100 national sites during the 11th Five Year Plan period.

Historical evolution

In the first year of Qiande (963), Zhao Kuangyin ordered Zhao Xiuji, the celestial Supervisor (the organ of astronomy, calendar, auspicious omen) and Wang Renxun, the envoy of neike Province, to change bu'anling (yonganling) to Dengfeng township (now Changfeng Village, Xicun Town, Gongyi City) in Xijing (Luoyang), and to move the remains of his parents buried in the southeast of Tokyo (Kaifeng) to the southwest of Gongxian. Song mausoleum was built in the first year of Qiande (963) and operated for more than 160 years.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Yu, the "great Qi" emperor supported by Jin Zaiyuan, once carried out large-scale excavation of song tombs.

After the Jin Dynasty occupied the Central Plains, the mausoleum buildings of the Song Dynasty were completely destroyed and the treasures were stolen.

During the Yuan Dynasty, the mausoleum area of Song Dynasty "made every plough a ruin".

In the early years of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered to repair and "forbid people to cut trees".

During the Qing Dynasty, the song mausoleum was taken care of by different households, and their taxes and labor were reduced.

In 1918, the Japanese visited the mausoleum of Song Dynasty.

In 1949, after the founding of the people's Republic of China, scholars made many investigations on Song mausoleum.

In 1961, the joint burial tomb of Wei Wang and his wife was excavated, which consists of main chamber, ear chamber, corridor and passage.

In 1984, the archaeological team excavated the lihouling in the north of Yongxi mausoleum.

Architectural features

pattern

overview

According to the natural environment and the burial order of the Northern Song emperors, song mausoleums are divided into Xicun mausoleum, caizhuang mausoleum, Xiaojiao mausoleum and baling mausoleum.

Xicun mausoleum is located in the southwest of Gongyi, west of Changfeng Village in Xicun Town, also known as "longwa". There are Yongan Mausoleum of xuanzu Zhao Hongyin, Yongchang Mausoleum of Song Taizong Zhao Kuangyin, Yongxi Mausoleum of Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi, nine empress mausoleums and 141 tombs with their descendants.

Caizhuang mausoleum is located in the North Ridge of caizhuang, Zhitian Town, close to national highway 310. It was called WoLonggang in Song Dynasty. There is Yongding Mausoleum of Zhao Heng, Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty. There are three queens buried in the mausoleum. The tombs of ministers are Gao Huaide, Cai Qi, Kou Zhun and Bao Zheng.

Xiaoyi mausoleum is located in Gongyi City. There are Yongzhao Mausoleum of song Renzong Zhao Zhen, yonghou Mausoleum of song Yingzong zhao shu, Mausoleum of two queens and five princesses, Mausoleum of Ministers: Zhao Pu, Yang yanzhao, di Qing, etc.

Located in the south of Baling village, Zhitian Town, baling mausoleum area has Yongyu Mausoleum of song Shenzong Zhao Xu, Yongtai Mausoleum of song zhezong Zhao Xu, eight empress mausoleums and four Princess mausoleums. It has been operated for more than 160 years. Among the mausoleums of emperors and empresses in the Northern Song Dynasty, eight are well preserved,

 

Empress mausoleum is mainly distributed in Xicun, caizhuang, Xiaoyi and baling, covering an area of more than 30 square kilometers.

The Imperial Mausoleums of the Song Dynasty have a unified system and the same plane layout. They all face south and are composed of the upper palace, the palace city, the underground palace and the lower palace. Around the mausoleum, there are temples, temples and palaces.

 

Yongan Mausoleum

Yong'an mausoleum is the first Mausoleum of Song Dynasty mausoleum. It is located 500 meters west of Changfeng Village, Xicun Town, Gongyi City. It is 520 meters long from north to South and 230 meters wide from east to west. On all sides of the mausoleum, there are sacred gate corners and tombs in the shape of a bucket. There are four stone carvings in front of the tomb, which are small in shape. Mausoleum is the tomb of Zhao Hong, Yin, Zhao Xian and Empress Dowager Du. He buried four queens and their descendants in 121 tombs.

 

Yongchang Mausoleum

Yongchang mausoleum is the second mausoleum in the mausoleum area of the Northern Song Dynasty. Located in longwa, 15 kilometers south of Gongyi City and north of Xicun Town, the cemetery is high in the South and low in the north. It is 546 meters long in the South and 230 meters wide in the East and West. The mausoleum is in the shape of a covered bucket. There are 47 stone carvings in Lingtai. The stone statues in the mausoleum are representative of the early stone carvings in the Song Dynasty. In the northwest of the mausoleum, there are empress Xiaozhang of Song Dynasty and empress zhanghuaipan of Zhenzong.

 

Yongxi Mausoleum

Yongxi mausoleum is the tomb of Zhao Guangyi, Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty. It is located in the northeast of Hutuohe village, Xicun Town, 7.5km south of Gongyi City. The mausoleum is 1300 meters long from north to South and 450 meters wide from east to west. According to historical records, "the emperor's hall is 100 feet deep, 80 feet wide, and the Lingtai is 250 feet wide.

 

”There are 62 stone carvings in Yongxi mausoleum. In the northwest of the mausoleum are the mausoleum of empress li of Emperor Taizong Yuande, empress li of Emperor Taizong Mingde and empress Mu Guo of emperor Zhenzong. The stone statues of yongxiling are large and rich in content.

 

Yongding Mausoleum

Yongding mausoleum is the tomb of Zhao Heng, Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty. It is located in the north of caizhuang village, Zhitian Town, 10 kilometers south of Gongyi City. National Highway 310 passes through the south end of the mausoleum. The mausoleum area is high, 1100 meters long from north to South and 720 meters wide from east to west. The sites of Shanggong, Shenmen and sijiaoque terrace are well preserved. There are 60 pieces of stone carvings, including Zhenzong Zhangyi lihouling, Zhenzong zhangxianmingsu liuhouling.

 

Yongzhaoling

Yongzhao mausoleum is the tomb of Zhao Zhen, Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty. It is located between Xinhua Road and Jianshe Road in Gongyi City. The mausoleum area is high in the South and low in the north, 980 meters long in the South and 260 meters wide in the East and West, with three stories of Shentai. The quetai, Rutai, sishenmen, sijiaoque tower and Lingtai of Yongzhao mausoleum were restored and opened to the outside world according to the size of the original building site. In the northwest of Yongzhao mausoleum, CI Shengguang was buried to present empress Cao's mausoleum.

 

Yonghou Mausoleum

Yonghou mausoleum is the tomb of Zhao Shu, Emperor Yingzong of Song Dynasty. It is located in the west of Gongyi City, in the cultivated land of banligou, waigou and Shili villages of Xiaoyi and Dufu streets. It is 500 meters away from Yongzhao mausoleum in the East. It is the nearest mausoleum area between the two Mausoleums of the Northern Song Dynasty. The mausoleum is 750 meters long from north to South and 300 meters wide from east to west. There are architectural relics on the ground. There are 56 stone sculptures on the ground, which are generally small and thin. There is the tomb of empress liegao of xuanren.

 

Yongyu Mausoleum

Yongyu mausoleum is the mausoleum of Zhao Xu, Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty. It is in the shape of "Fu Dou". Its bottom is slightly square, about 60 meters on each side, and its height is about 18 meters. There are two steps up and down the mausoleum. The bottom layer was originally built with bricks and stones, and the upper layer is densely planted with conifers and cypresses. There are 17 stone statues in front of Yongyu mausoleum. The mausoleum of Zhang huaipan's Houbao Tai mausoleum is attached to this mausoleum area. There are also the mausoleum of Shenzong Xiang queen (empress Qinsheng, 56 years old when she died, whose mausoleum is in the northwest of Yuling), empress Zhu Mausoleum (mother of zhe Zong, 51 years old when she died), Empress Chen Mausoleum (mother of Hui Zong, 32 years old when she died) and empress Wang Mausoleum of Hui Zong (mother of Qin Zong, 25 years old when she died, whose mausoleum is in the northeast of Yuling).

 

Yongtai Mausoleum

Yongtai mausoleum is the tomb of Zhao Xu, the emperor of Song Dynasty. It is located one mile southwest of Baling village, Zhitian Town, Gongyi City. It is the Yongyu Mausoleum of song Shenzong 500 meters southeast. The cemetery, 740 meters long from north to South and 330 meters wide from east to west, is composed of the upper palace, the lower palace and the mausoleum of empress Liu zhaohuai. Shanggong palace city is 134 meters north of Rutai, with a side length of about 240 meters. In the north of the cemetery, there is a divine wall, 4-5 meters high. The bottom of the platform is 60 meters long from north to south, 57 meters wide from east to west and 17 meters high. There are 56 stone statues on the ground, and the warrior statues are powerful and tall.

 

Tomb of King Wei

The tomb of Zhao Tingmei, king of Wei. The gate of the tomb is made of blue brick and wooden structure. There is an ear chamber on each side of the corridor. The vault of the tomb is round in plane, with a diameter of 6.54 meters and a height of 6.48 meters from the bottom to the top. The ground inside the tomb is paved with stone slabs. The tombs were stolen in the early period, and two epitaphs were unearthed.

 

Chinese PinYin : Bei Song Huang Ling