ever-normal granary

Changpingcang is located on the west side of the drum tower in Yuzhou City. It was formerly known as "fengyucang". It used to be an official warehouse where grain was bought at a high price for storage and sold at a low price in famine. It is also commonly known as "BeiCang". It is 70 meters wide from east to west and 110 meters long from north to south. It is surrounded by walls and covers an area of about 7700 square meters. The shape of the warehouse is towering and magnificent. For the sake of long-term peace, it is called "changpingcang". The one facing south is called Cang, and the other three are called Luo. There are 11 single buildings in Changping warehouse, but only four of them are left. They are erchang (Dongcang, Xichang); erchang (Dongcang, Xichang), as well as a temple and theater. They have been used as granary museum since 2011.

ever-normal granary

The granary was set up by the ancient Chinese government to regulate the price of grain and reserve grain for the supply of official food. It is mainly to use the law of value to adjust the grain supply and give full play to the role of stabilizing the market value of grain. When the market price of grain was low, the government raised the price of grain appropriately and made a large number of purchases, which not only made the Imperial Granary Taicang and Ganquan granary full of grain, but also made the border counties full of grain. When the price of grain in the market is high, the price should be appropriately reduced for sale. This measure not only avoided "cheap grain hurting farmers", but also prevented "expensive grain hurting the people". It played a positive role in stabilizing the grain market and consolidating the feudal regime, and reflected the interests and wishes of the people to a certain extent.

Historical changes

origin

Changping originated from the flat buying that Li Zhen did in Wei during the Warring States period, that is, the government bought grain for storage in good years so as not to hurt the farmers. In bad years, the government sold the stored grain to stabilize the grain price. Fan Li and Guan Zi have similar thoughts. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, sang Hongyang developed the above-mentioned ideas and established the stabilization law. Relying on the large amount of money and silk materials held by the government, he collected cheap and sold expensive in the capital to stabilize prices. During the reign of emperor Xuandi Yuankang, there were bumper harvests year after year, and the price of grain was as low as one stone and five dollars, "the farmers made little profit.". After that, Geng shouchang, the great Minister of agriculture, applied the method of leveling to the collection and storage of grain. He set up granaries in some areas and bought grain with low price into the government to "benefit the people". This kind of granary has the name of ordinary granary. At that time, in the border areas of Jincheng (now northwest of Yongjing in Gansu Province) and Huangshui (now both sides of Huangshui in Qinghai Province), there were eight coins for each grain. Geng shouchang once bought 400000 grains in this area. From the first year of Wufeng to the second year of Wufeng (57-56 BC), Geng shouchang suggested that from the nearby Sanfu (now central Shaanxi), Hongnong (now western Henan and southeastern Shaanxi), Hedong (now west of Qinshui and south of Huoshan), Shangdang (now Heshun and south of Yushe) should be the best choice To the east of Qinshui river basin), Taiyuan and other places to buy grain for the capital, which can save more than half of the province's Cao soldiers. After this measure was effective, Geng shouchang asked for the general setting up of granaries in the border counties in the fourth year of Wufeng, "when the grain price is low, increase the number of merchants to buy, and when the grain price is high, reduce the number of merchants to sell.". The people are the people. As a formal system, changpingsui was carried out in a large range. In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (B.C. ■ 44), under the pretext of successive years of famine in Guandong, changpingcang competed with the people for profits, so it was abandoned together with yantieguan and Beijia (now North of Hetao and south of Yinshan in Inner Mongolia). As a matter of fact, although Changping warehouse was set up for the benefit of the people, it has been implemented for a long time. It also has the disadvantage that "outside there is the name of benefiting the people, but inside there is the name of invading the people. The reason for the right is treachery, and the small people can't be pacified". During the Yongping reign of the Ming emperor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chang Ping Cang was planned to be set up. Liu ban objected with the above reasons, so he gave up (for one thing, it was carried out all over the country in the fifth year of Yongping, see "general examination of documents · Shi Fang Kao 2").

Jin dynasty

After the Han Dynasty, Changping warehouse was not often abandoned. In 268, the fourth year of Taishi, Emperor Wudi of Jin Dynasty, he established a regular warehouse, bought in good years and sold in thrifty years. In the reign of Emperor Wu of Qi Dynasty, the price of rice, cloth and silk was very low. It was suggested that the government should always buy savings in Pingcang city. In the sixth year of Yongming Dynasty (488), the government issued an imperial edict to buy money from Shangku in the capital city, and ordered all the States to pay money to buy savings in the local city. According to the Tongdian, in 488 of the 12th year of Taihe reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the later Wei Dynasty, Li Biao, the Secretary and supervisor of the later Wei Dynasty, requested to reduce the two-thirds of the regular income of Zhuzhou County and the capital to spend the rest of the year. In addition, he set up his own lawsuit. He bought money in the warehouse and reduced his personal income by two tenths It was sold, so an imperial edict was issued. In the third year of the Qing Dynasty (564), Emperor Wucheng of the Northern Qi Dynasty ordered the prefectures to set up rich people's storehouses, which also used the method of Changping.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the third year of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty (583), Changping was placed in Kyoto and changpingcang in Shanzhou. In the same year, sun pingzou, the commander of Duzhi Shangshu, ordered that when the people became rich and poor every autumn, they would send out a family under a stone, and store it at the end of the year in case of disaster, which was called Yicang. In the fifth year, they established Yicang according to their advice. In the second year of Zhenguan reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty (628), he ordered prefectures and counties to set up granaries together, where the land was purchased for two liters per mu (in Gaozong's time, it was changed to produce millet according to households) for storage, and in the ferocious year, he gave relief or loaned money to the people for planting qiushu. In the 13th year, Luo, Xiang, you, Xu, Qi, he, Qin and PU were ordered to open their positions. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he set up the Changping warehouse in the East and West cities of Kyoto, and set up the Changping Office. In the seventh year of Xuanzong's Kaiyuan reign (719), we expanded the area where we set up the regular warehouse, and set the regular warehouse at 3000 Guan in Shangzhou, 2000 Guan in Zhongzhou, and 1000 Guan in xiazhou. Most of the time, when the grain price is low, we increase the current price for buying, but we can't suppress the distribution, and when the price is high, we reduce the sales. Tianbao four years (745) harvest, life Yicang also allow Changping law to buy, Yicang then has the function of Changping. For eight years, Tianbao has stored more than 4.6 million tons of grain in ten Changping warehouses in Guannei, Hebei, Hedong, Hexi, Longyou, Jiannan, Henan, Huainan, Shannan and Jiangnan. During the an Shi rebellion, Changping warehouse was abandoned. After emperor Dezong ascended the throne (780), he began to resume changpingcang in the eastern and western cities of the capital. Later, Zhao Zan, the Minister of the Ministry of accounts, admitted that the capital of Changping was set up in Jinyao City, and the taxes were collected by the officials, such as merchants' taxes and bamboo, wood, tea and lacquer. However, due to the huge military expenditure, the taxes could not be used in Changping. In the first year of Yuanhe (806) of Xianzong, it was stipulated that Zhuzhou government should take two tenths of the land tax per mu every year, so as to fill the normal warehouse and Yicang, and buy, sell, relief and loan according to the law. Since then, the functions of Changping warehouse and Yicang have been integrated and called Changping Yicang. In the first year of emperor Wenzong's founding (836), he ordered the officials and the people to pay more millet per mu in addition to the regular land tax. He bought the regular warehouse in various prefectures and increased the reserves year by year. He stopped in Huichang.

Song and Jin Dynasties

In the third year of Chunhua, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty (992), Chang Pingcang was set up in the capital. After the third year of Jingde (1006), it was set up in the whole country except for the border counties. According to the size of the population, each state reserves 12000 to 23000 yuan as the purchase cost. The price of grain is low in summer and autumn every year, and the market price is increased by 35 Wen. When the price of grain is high, the price is reduced and the sale price is not less than the cost. If it has not been sold for more than three years, it is easy to use new grain. Since then, due to the surplus of Changping's reserves and the shortage of food for the soldiers of the third division, Changping's money and grain were often moved to help pay for military expenses. In the second year of Xining (1069), the Qing Miao method was implemented, and the Chang Ping Cang method was replaced by the Qing Miao method. The 15 million Guan Shi (including Guang Hui Cang's) was also used as the Qing Miao's capital. It was loaned before the harvest in summer and autumn. After the harvest, it was paid back with the two taxes, and the yield was two cents each. In seven years, half of the money will be used to collect interest, while in one year, only half of the money will be sold at a reduced price. In 1999, the number of money and goods in Changping increased to 37.39 million. Shaoxing nine years (1139) after the reconstruction of the normal open position, the restoration of the property purchase scattered convergence of the old law. In the third year of the reign of emperor Qiandao (1167), there were 3.579 million stones in rice and 2.871 million in money accumulated in Changping and Yicang. For example, in Xinzhou, the amount recorded in the account book is 93000, the reported amount is 68000, and the volume of the second Sutra plate is only 12900. Chang Pingcang is dead in name.

In the fourteenth year of Dading (1174) of emperor Shizong of Jin Dynasty, the system of closing positions was established. In a good year, the market price was increased by two tenths to buy goods, and in a thrifty year, the market price was reduced by one tenth to sell goods. It was ordered to be implemented throughout the country, but it was soon abolished. In the first year of Zhang Zong Ming's reign (1190), he was re established. According to the number of county accounts, he could store enough grain for three months. He ordered the division of punishment and the division of planning to take charge of it at the same time. In the past three years, local officials were often given rewards and punishments for their diligence and laziness, which were customized as follows: those within 60 li of the county were given state warehouses, while those beyond 60 Li were not. The original plan for storing grain in March was changed to determine the amount of grain to be stored according to the number of households, from 30000 stones for more than 20000 households to 5000 stones for less than 5000 households. In the past five years, 519 warehouses were set up in China, accumulating more than 37.86 million tons of grain.

yuan dynasty

In the Yuan Dynasty, in the seventh year of emperor Xianzong's reign (1257), changpingcang was established at the beginning of the reign, and it was abolished soon after. In 1271, Emperor Shizu ordered all kinds of warehouses to be set up, and the Department was also in charge of them. According to the number of households, rice and millet were collected and stored, and the current price was increased by two tenths. At that time, the grain was collected and stored to more than 800000 stones, and then the grain in the warehouse was empty. There was no way to collect and buy. In nineteen years, the order was still set up, and the storehouse officials were nearly elected by the upper household, and the local officials were still exempted from the miscellaneous labor. The local officials still reported the situation of the purchase price notes and the receipt of the purchase expenses to the Ministry of accounts on a monthly basis. However, due to the fact that most of the officials failed to fulfill their duties, they either survived or died. In 1309, he ordered all prefectures and counties to be set up, and set up three Cangguan, who were selected from the Liuguan. However, in the same year, the Yushitai asked him not to go. Wenzong Tianli second year (1329) ordered all over the court to set up. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the malpractice of Chang Ping Cang was even more serious. The purchase books issued by the provinces were embezzled by the officials at all levels, and there was little left when they were sent to the townships. As a result, the local people were sent to collect the money and accept the grain, and the petty officials and the leader of Li Zheng cheated again. Or the purchase books were embezzled and misappropriated

Chinese PinYin : Chang Ping Cang