The great wall of Ming Dynasty

Changcheng of Ming Dynasty starts from Yalu River in the East and Jiayuguan in the West. The great wall of Ming Dynasty in Yulin area is also called the great wall of Yulin town. It starts from fugu in the East and ends at Dingbian County in the West. The section from Yulin to Shenmu is well preserved. Along the way, there are architectural relics such as Jian'an fort, Shuangshan fort, Changle fort, Baoning fort and boluobao. There are more than 210 beacon towers, winding for more than 100 kilometers. To the north of the Great Wall is the vast Mu Us Desert. To the south is the loess high slope. The great wall of Ming Dynasty is of great scale. Although it has been destroyed many times, it is still magnificent.

The great wall of Ming Dynasty

The Ming Great Wall is a military defense project built in the northern area of the Ming Dynasty, also known as the side wall. The materials of the Ming Great Wall are similar to those of the Qin Great Wall, but different from those of the Han great wall and the Qing Great Wall. The State Administration of cultural relics and the State Bureau of Surveying and mapping have carried out investigation and measurement in the past two years.

On April 18, 2009, the data of the great wall of the Ming Dynasty was released for the first time: it starts from Liaoning Hushan by the Yalu River in the East, ends at Juyongguan in the west, and ends at Jiayuguan in Gansu Province from the eastern foot of Qilian Mountains. Among them, the length of the artificial wall is 6259.6 km, the length of the trench is 359.7 km, and the length of the natural insurance is 2232.4 km. The city walls in the dangerous and important areas in the East are made of stones and bricks, which are very strong. In the Ming Dynasty, Changcheng city started from Yalu River in the East, connected with the great wall of Qin Dynasty, and then reached Jiayuguan in the West. It meandered for more than 6000 kilometers and was magnificent. It was a miracle in the world at that time.

history

The Great Wall is an ancient defense project with the longest construction time and the largest engineering quantity in China and the world. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been continuously constructed for more than 2000 years and distributed in the vast land of northern and central China. Especially since the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, almost all the dynasties that ruled the Central Plains had to build the Great Wall. There are more than ten dynasties, including Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, song, Liao, Jin, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which built the Great Wall in different scales. The role and cost of the construction and persistence of the past dynasties, as the zuohe river said, "the Hu soldiers have been bent and raised for thousands of years, and peace has been built with thousands of flesh and blood."

The Ming Great Wall is a military defense project built in the northern area of the Ming Dynasty, also known as the side wall. The materials of the Ming Great Wall are similar to those of the Qin Great Wall, but different from those of the Han great wall and the Qing Great Wall. The Ming dynasty built the "inner" wall and the "inner three passes" wall in addition to the "outer" wall. Based on the Northern Qi Dynasty, the "inner border" Great Wall starts from the west of Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, passes through Yanmen pass and Pingxing pass to Hebei, then goes northeast, passes through Laiyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties to Juyong Pass, and then goes from north to east to Sihai pass in Huairou, connects with the "outer border" Great Wall, and takes the Zijingguan pass as the center, roughly in a north-south direction. The "neisanguan" Great Wall parallels the "neibian" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are as many as 24 "heavy cities" in Yanmenguan area. The great wall of the Ming Dynasty is the last of the three northern defense lines set up by Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty.

The first line of Defense: in the first year of Hongwu (1368), after emperor Taizu of Ming sent troops to conquer Dadu of Yuan Dynasty (Beijing), the remnant forces of Mongolian nobles headed by Emperor Shun of Yuan Dynasty retreated outside the Great Wall, and their successors still called themselves emperor Dayuan, competing with the Ming Dynasty and often harassing the border of Ming Dynasty. However, at the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the country was relatively strong. In Inner Mongolia, it controlled many military strongholds, among which the main three towns were daningwei (located on the flank of kaipingwei in the Eastern Mongolian corridor), kaipingwei (located in yuanshangdu as the forward base), and dongshengwei (located in Houtao of the Yellow River, which is the flank of Chongyao kaipingwei entering Hetao). Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty took advantage of the land in Monan to cultivate land, herds horses and help the army to attack Lingbei in order to inherit the only remaining province of the Yuan Dynasty. Many of the garrisons set up in Monan were far north of the Great Wall. The people of Ming Dynasty commented that "Dongsheng City should be set in the east of Sanjiang City, and be combined with Sanjiang city.". In the East, Kaiping, Dushi, Daning and Kaiyuan are connected; in the west, Helan Mountain and Beishan in Gansu are connected to one side. If the terrain is straight, it is close and easy to defend. " The first line of defense was destroyed by Yongle yesun.

The second line of Defense: saiwang refers to the vassal kings who guarded the frontier fortress and expanded the territory under the thought of respecting the king and fighting the foreigners in Ming Dynasty, that is, from east to west, it refers to the king of Liao, king of Ning, king of Yan, king of Gu, king of Dai, king of Jin, king of Qin, king of Qing and king of Su. "All the nine kings were fortresses. They controlled the fortresses and the Yuanrong generals. They had the power to control their orders. They were powerful enough to pacify the army, clear away the desert, and set up tents to face each other." At the same time, he often sent zongwang out for hunting. In March of the 24th year of Hongwu, "the king of Qi was ordered to lead the cavalry to encircle and hunt near Kaiping." Hunting around kaipingwei (upper capital city) took place from March to August of that year. It was called hunting. It was mainly for the purpose of encircling and suppressing the remnant yuan army and inheriting the northbound province of Lingling in the Yuan Dynasty. This is a concrete manifestation of the system of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang leaving the town. In April of the thirtieth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the king of Jin to "prepare for the border ten things", including reviewing the garrison situation in Kaiping area, setting up the Marquis, carrying out the garrison production and other border affairs. The king of Jin was also in charge of the guard stations near dongshengwei. King Su was in charge of the garrison near Juyanhai, where the water and grass were rich, and the weak water and its tributary Zhangye River were connected with the Hexi Corridor, which was the main way for the Mongols to go south. After the 26th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang set up Weiyuan Garrison and baichengzi garrison not far from yijinai, and set up Weilu Garrison and baichengzi garrison between Suzhou and Juyanhai. The station became the stronghold of Ming army's expedition to Mongolia. Therefore, Jiajing's Shaanxi Tongzhi recorded that the territory of xingdusi was "1175 Li in the East, as for the Lanzhou boundary of lintiaofu; 1575 Li in the south, as for the Yellow River Boundary of Xining Wei; 570 Li in the west, as for Jiayu mountain of Suzhou Wei; 1500 Li in the north, as for Yiji naidi". In the north of the Great Wall, King Ning "conquered Daning.". Daning is located outside xifengkou, in ancient Huizhou, connecting liaozuo in the East and Xuanfu in the West. It is a huge town. They are all brave and good at fighting. " The second line of defense was destroyed by Yongle yesun.

The third line of Defense: the great wall of Ming Dynasty was built in the first year of Hongwu by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. It mainly cooperated with the northern expedition of Ming Taizu. In the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da and others to build Juyongguan, Gubeikou and xifengkou, and then launched the first northern expedition. In the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), he also mobilized workers and soldiers from Wei, Xin and Gu to build and strengthen the Great Wall The second northern expedition was launched. In 1378, Emperor Taizu ordered Xu Da to launch the third northern expedition after he built Gubeikou Guancheng. In 1381, Emperor Hongwu built laolongtou great wall and Xiaohekou great wall and launched the fourth and fifth northern expedition. Since then, although the Ming Dynasty still attached great importance to the defense of the northern border areas, it only strengthened the patrol of border generals, and there was no need to build the Great Wall.

In Jianwen (1399-1402), "from Xuanfu Yixi to Shanxi, there are steep walls and deep haos on the edge, and Fenghou is connected with each other." The imperial edict says: "all the buttresses should be built high and thick, with crossbows for storing may grain and firewood. A well should be opened beside the buttress, and the outer wall of the well should be level with the buttress. It's the idea of guarding against violence. The focus of the renovation is on the outer Great Wall north of Xuanhua in Hebei Province and north of Datong in Shanxi Province.

In the 10th year of Yongle (1412), Emperor Chengzu "Chibian general ruled Haoyuan, from changanling (now about 140 Li northeast of Xuanhua) Yixi to ximalin (now Wanquan west of Hebei), built stone walls and deep Haoyuan to strengthen defense.". On the basis of the completion in the Jianwen period, the stone wall was further rebuilt to reinforce it. In the 11th and 13th years of Yongle, the beacon towers along the border of Shanxi Province were built successively, the fortresses were built at various passes outside the pass, and the buttresses were built at kaipingwei.

In the first and third years of Xuande (1426 and 1428), Xuanzong built the dangerous pass and Juyongguan city from Shanhaiguan to Juyongguan. In the first year of Yingzong Zhengtong (1436), it added "Chicheng and other fortresses, Yandun 22", and then built castles from Xuanfu to Datong and weiyuanwei in Datong. In short, in the early Ming Dynasty, from Hongwu to the 12th year of Zhengtong (1368-1447), the Great Wall was repaired mainly on the basis of the great wall of Wei and Qi, and some Yandun, Fenghou, Tunpu, Guancheng and haoqian were added. During the period from 1410 to 1424, the warra and Tatar leaders were canonized by the Ming Dynasty. However, compared with emperor Taizu and Emperor Chengzu, Renzong and Xuanzong can be regarded as the kings of Shoucheng. At the end of Yongle period, the Ming Dynasty began to carry out the internal governance of the Ming Dynasty and gave up the military expedition policy to Mongolia. Through a series of diplomatic and economic means, they maintained the tributary relationship with Mongolia. On the other hand, although Mongolia is still in a state of division, it is pregnant with the factor of unification, and it is too busy with the pace of unification to go south. In this case, both sides try their best to maintain a peaceful and good relationship. In addition, after abandoning the policy of military expedition, the two schools began to shrink their strategy, abandoning Annan, moving in nurgan and disbanding the voyagers. The military inaction policy of Ren and Xuan created a powerful external environment for the formation of the unified situation of Mongolia and foreshadowed the change of Tupu. The northern lutaokou, who had been threatening the Ming Dynasty for a long time, was also the result of the civil fort.

Chinese PinYin : Ming Zhang Cheng