Cangwu County

Cangwu County

Cangwu county has two places in history

First, Cangwu county was set up in Chu and Warring States period, and its governance is to be determined. Its core area is located near Cangwu mountain in Yongzhou, and its jurisdiction is roughly equivalent to Guiyang County and Lingling County in Western Han Dynasty.

Second, it was set up in the sixth year of Yuanding (111 BC) by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The county is located in Guangxin county (located in Wuzhou, Guangxi, where Xijiang River and Hejiang River meet).

Place names in pre Qin Dynasty

Cangwu county is the predecessor of Cangwu ancient country, which has appeared in the legend of Yao and Shun period around 5000 years ago. It is said that before the unification of the Qin Dynasty, there were Dongting and Cangwu counties in the state of Chu. Cangwu county is located in the south of Dongting county and the north of Guilin county. The southern gate of Chu state, limen (now longhuguan), is the southern boundary of Cangwu county. Cangwu county was first established in mourning the king of Chu, and Wu Qi Nan and Baiyue (around 390 B.C.), which lasted for some time after Qin destroyed Chu. After Qin merged Nanyue with Dongting County, Cangwu County became Changsha County. Today, Cangwu County in Hunan Province no longer exists.

In the Warring States policy, Su Qin, Zhao hezong, said that the king of Chu said: "Chu is the powerful country in the world. King, the king of the world. There are Qianzhong and Wujun counties in the west, xiazhou and Haiyang in the East, Dongting and Cangwu in the south, fenxing in the north and Luoyang in the north. "

According to the historical records of the five emperors, Shun went on a hunting expedition in the south, collapsed in the field of Cangwu, and was buried in Jiuyi in the south of the Yangtze River.

"Liye" Qin Bamboo Slips: "today's Dongting soldiers lose the internal history, and Ba, Nanjun, Cangwu lose the first soldiers.".

Chu Cangwu

The name of Cangwu appeared very early. The book of Yizhou · Wang Huijie (Volume 7) says: "the meeting of Chengzhou Bird man tube, passer-by Dazhu, Changsha turtle, West fish Fu Gu Zhong, Zhong, Niu, MANYANG Zhai, Cangwu jadeite, jadeite, so feather. Kong Chao noted: "Cangwu is also manye, Cuiyu is green and yellow.". It shows that "Cangwu" was the name of a tribe in the south at first, and then it should be extended to the place where Cangwu lived. It also has "Cangwu" or "Cangwu's field", which is mostly related to the burial place of Shun. Huainanzi xiuwuxun (Volume 19) says that Shun "conquered Sanmiao in the South and died of Cangwu in Taoism". In the book of rites, tangongshang (Volume 3): "Shun was buried in the field of Cangwu, and the two imperial concubines were not followed.". "Shanhaijing · haineinanjing" (Volume 10) also says: "in the mountains of Cangwu, Emperor Shun was buried in Yang, Emperor Danzhu in Yin.". Among them, "Emperor Shun" and "emperor Danzhu" were all from the time of Yu Xia, but the southern boundary of the Xia Dynasty had not yet reached the Yangtze River Basin, so the above "Cangwu" did not refer to the "Jiangnan Jiuyi" developed by the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. Mr. Chen huaiquan believed that the "wild Cangwu" during the reign of Yao and Shun should be in the Danyang area to the north of Hanjiang River. At that time, the Cuiyu of gongna, the leader of Cangwu tribe, was regarded as a treasure by the Central Plains rulers, so it was recorded. From the time of Yu Xia to the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, with the expansion of the territory of the southern people, Cangwu's name moved southward to the "southern land" between Ba, PU, Deng and Chu, which was derived from the scattered mountain forest of Jingxi. The "Canglang water" in the middle reaches of Han River is related to this.

With the expansion of Chu territory, the name of Cangwu became the place name of Chu, which was consistent with the development of Chu people. According to archaeological materials, in the spring and Autumn period, the development of Chu people to the South was limited to the northwest of Hunan and the plains around the ancient "Dongting" Ze; Jiuyi mountain to the north of Wuling and the south of Hengyang today were mainly the distribution areas of Yue culture. After entering the Warring States period, Chu culture gradually replaced Yue Culture in the upper reaches of Xiangshui River and adjacent areas of northern Guangdong and Northern Guangxi. Chu tombs of the Warring States period have been found in Gongcheng and Pingle of Guangxi, Qingyuan and Guangning of Guangdong. The unearthed artifacts have many similarities with those of Chu tombs in Changsha, Henan and Anhui. This is the result of the southward expansion of Chu in the Warring States period, especially in Wu Qiping's "Baiyue". The Chu family in historical records (Volume 40): "the king of Chu always hears about the sages, but when he comes to the state of Chu, he will judge by the law." So Nanping Baiyue. "The biography of Nanman and Xinanyi in the later Han Dynasty" (Volume 86): "Wu Qixiang mourned the king, Nanman and Yue, so there were Dongting and Cangwu.". This is the military action of Chu state to further "open up" to the south along the Xiang River after King Cheng conquered "Yi Yue". Chu mourning King reigned from 401 BC to 381 BC, that is, the middle Warring States period. At this time, "Dongting, Cangwu" is a general term for "Southern Chu". The words "there are Dongting and Cangwu in the south of Chu" are recorded in "Warring States strategy · Chu strategy I" (Volume 14) and "historical records · biographies of Su and Qin" (volume 69). According to Liye Qin Bamboo Slips, there should have been Dongting and Cangwu counties in the late Warring States period. Among them, Cangwu County of Chu is located in the south of Dongting County, in the southern boundary of Chu. Before that, Mr. Li Longzhang thought that up to now, there was no strong evidence to confirm that Lingnan belonged to Chu in the pre Qin period, so the theory that "the southern boundary of Chu had crossed Nanling" was not tenable. Therefore, the southern boundary of Chu Cangwu county will not cross Wuling. Mr. Chen Wei and Mr. Zhou Zhenhe also explained from different angles.

According to the handed down documents, Cangwu County of Chu is related to Jiuyi mountain. Under the sentence "Cangwu mountain" in Shanhaijing haineinanjing (Volume 10), Guo Pu Annotated: "that is Jiuyi mountain.". It is also recorded in Shuijing Xiangshui Zhu (Volume 38), "Yingshui comes out of Nanliu mountain in Lingdao County, Yingyang, and flows to the west, under Jiuyi mountain, in the field of Cangwu.". Among them, "nine doubts" should be selected because of the natural form of mountains, which is relatively fixed and not easy to change, so it can be used as an important reference to determine the hinterland of Chu Cangwu county.

As for the scope of Chu Cangwu County, it is related to the counties and cities set up by the state of Chu in southwest and South Hunan. According to the records of the Warring States policy, in the dialogue between King Huai of Chu and fan Jue, fan Jue had a sentence that "the southern frontier is limen and the county is Jiangdong". Limen is the Longhu pass at the junction of Jiangyong County of Hunan and Gongcheng County of Guangxi, which is the Southern border of Chu. According to the songs of Chu, the state of Chu set Chenyang in chenshui basin, a tributary of the upper Yuan River, and Xupu in Xushui basin, a tributary of the upper Yuan River; according to the bamboo slips of Baoshan, the state of Chu set Xuyang in SHUSHUI basin, a tributary of the upper Yuan River. In addition, the book of songs of Chu, Lisao, records that "the Dynasty started in Cangwu, and the evening ended in Xianpu", among which Cangwu is probably related to these Chu counties in the upper reaches of the Yuan river.

To the east of Xuefeng mountain is Xiangzi River Basin. In the state of Chu, there is Yang Jun in Leishui basin, a tributary of the upper reaches of the Xiang River; Chen in the inscription of the Qizhou festival of e Jun is also in this basin; according to the historical records of Goujian family, the king of Yue, there is Pang at the intersection of the upper reaches of the Xiang River and Leishui, which is also called "millet of Chu" with Changsha; according to the textual research of Yan Shixuan, Linghu in the place name of Baoshan Chu bamboo slips is located in the east of Hengyang in southern Hunan. The above-mentioned counties or fiefs made the state of Chu control the Luoshui (Leishui) River Valley, which is a southward passage. From there, the state of Chu crossed the Wuling mountain pass, passed through the Qinshui River Valley, went out of huangxiguan, and reached the hinterland of South Vietnam. The state of Chu also had linwujun and jiuyisai near Jiuyi mountain, which controlled the upstream pass of Qinshui River and from chonglingshui, a tributary of Xiangshui River, to Huangshui (lianjiang in northern Guangdong) and yangshanguan in the south of Wuling river In addition, according to the inscriptions on the Qizhou festival of e Jun, Tao (you Congyi) Yang was set up in the traffic channels of the state of Chu in Xiangshui and Lishui Shuiling, which was the same place as Tao (TAO) Yang in the Silk Map of Mawangdui in the Western Han Dynasty. From here, the town passes through Lishui River Valley and goes down to the south, which is another important traffic route for Chu people from Xiangshui river basin to Nanhai area. The inscription of e Jun Zhou Festival indicates that this place is tax-free, which is very beneficial to e Jun Qi's business activities. It can be seen that in the middle and late Warring States period, the state of Chu had set up Chenyang, Xupu, Fuyang, Leiyang, Lingchen, Pang, Linwu, Taoyang and other counties or fiefs in the middle and upper reaches of Xiangziyuan, which were mostly located in important traffic channels. This shows that the state of Chu mainly established a small number of military fortresses, tax gates or fiefs in the strategic areas north of Wuling pass, To exercise effective jurisdiction over this area.

Combined with other local chronicles, the ancients believed that Chu Cangwu County included Jiuyi mountain and its surrounding areas, namely Ningyuan, Lanshan, Jianghua, Linwu and Suining in Hunan, Quanzhou and Guilin in Guangxi, Lianzhou and Shaozhou in Guangdong.

According to Mr. Xu Shaohua and Mr. Li Haiyong, Chu Cangwu county is located near Jiuyi mountain in southern Hunan and around qiaotoupu town in Jianghua county.

From the perspective of topography, the upper reaches of Xiang, Zi and Yuan are mostly mountainous areas with complex terrain; from the perspective of population distribution, most of these areas are inhabited by man and Yue, that is, "Nanyi" in Chuci, and the local Chu people should account for a small number. It is estimated that the southward migration of "Cangwu" is closely related to the migration of man and Yue; from the perspective of urban distribution, there are no differences between the above Chu counties or feudal cities It is difficult to form a central city like Changsha (Linxiang), Linyuan and Yuanling. It can be inferred that the control of Cangwu County by Chu state is more loose than that of Dongting and Qianzhong County, and its jurisdiction pattern is a point line network composed of several counties and cities. By doing so, the state of Chu can exercise discrete control over the inhabited areas of the man and Yue nationalities, prevent the Qin army from invading the western territory of the state of Chu, and effectively control this vast area with mixed nationalities. In addition, it can also explore the rich mineral resources in the mountainous areas as far as possible, and strengthen the transportation and commercial ties with the "South China Sea" area and Yunnan, so as to accumulate wealth for the hinterland of the state of Chu in Jianghan Dynasty. Because of the loose control of Cangwu County in the late Warring States period, the state of Qin was able to reestablish Cangwu county and build Lingqu on this basis, so that the Qin army could pacify Nanyue smoothly. It can be seen that Chu Cangwu County laid the foundation for the development of Wuling and Nanyue in Qin Dynasty.

Qin Cangwu County

In the development of South Vietnam, the Qin people expanded further than the Chu people. Around 214 BC, the Qin Dynasty sent troops to attack Nanyue. According to "Huainanzi · human training", there are five marching routes: "that is to make Wei Tu Ju kill 500000 soldiers into five armies: the first army is to block the mountain of Tan city

Chinese PinYin : Cang Wu Jun4