Ma Yilong

Ma Yilong

Ma Yilong (1499-1571) was an agricultural scientist and calligrapher in Ming Dynasty. The word negative map, No. Menghe, No. yuhuazi. Liyang people. Ma xingluzi, nephew of Ma congqian. Jiajing 26 years (1547) Jinshi. Hanlin academy reviewed and awarded Nanjing Guozijian company. Because her mother was old and ill, she had to go to Shanghai for five times to ask for returning home to support her parents. In the 38th year, Li Wei, a branch school, promoted nanshaosi to success, and took charge of Daxi to success. After resigning and returning to Liyang, he built Wuben academy, built library buildings, read books and wrote works. He donated money to set up Yitian, restore Panlong weir, rebuild Panlong bridge and rebuild Zunjing Pavilion. Farmers were recruited to cultivate seeds, and the share system was adopted. Half of the harvest was given to the servants. One year later, all the wasteland was reclaimed and a good harvest was obtained. According to my own farming experience "nongshuo", the theory of yin and Yang is used to explain agricultural production, especially rice production, which plays an important role in agronomy. In addition, he wrote 24 volumes of "agricultural classics", "calligraphy" and "yuhuazi entertainment collection", and stone inscriptions include "rebuilding Guanghua Temple" and "kaishu stele". Work book. FA huaisu's "the Holy Mother's Sutra" is graceful and elegant. It is said that he was the only one after Huai Su. After his death, he was worshipped in Xiangxian temple and Zhongxiao temple.

brief introduction

Gongshu, FA huaisu, is quite skillful in writing. It was written by hanging the wrist and moving the elbow, falling the tube like flying, and the picture was full in an instant. It was said that huaisu was the only one after him. However, critics call it strange, which is a great change in calligraphy. It is also said that the use of the pen is fast, but it lacks the source of the words, the size of the words, the intricacies and the chapters. Ma Yilong's seven character poem in cursive script is a vertical scroll in silk, which is now collected by Tiandu building in Jinling. In 1558, the 37th year of Jiajing reign, I tasted the Peach Blossom Land. He died 73 years ago.

Life

Ma Yilong

Born in a bureaucratic family, his father Ma Xinglu once served as the magistrate of Xundian (now XUNDIAN Autonomous County) in Yunnan Province. From then on, the family was poor and once depended on the help of his cousin. The 26th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1547)

Ma Yilong

In the examination of Jinshi, he was selected as the Secretary of Nanjing Guozijian. Because his mother was old and ill, he resigned and returned to his hometown Liyang. But life is still poor. In order to get rid of poverty, he called some local old farmers to discuss countermeasures. As early as the period from Zhengtong (1436-1449) to Tianshun (1457-1464), the peasants in Liyang area abandoned their land and left a lot of wasteland because they could not bear the heavy tax exploitation.

Ma Yilong

Thinking that these wasteland can not only be cultivated, but also become rich, he decided to take "Li Tian foster mother" as his biggest wish in his life. So they recruited farmers to cultivate seeds, and adopted the method of share system to give half of the harvest to the servants. A year later, all the barren land was reclaimed and a good harvest was achieved.

works

He is the author of agricultural classics, calligraphy and entertainment collection, and the stone inscriptions and calligraphy include rebuilding Guanghua temple and regular script stele. Li Qing Ji, Yi Yuan Yao Yan, Zhan Xiaobian, calligraphy history Huiyao, and Cheng Huai Tang calligraphy and painting catalogue.

On Agriculture

Ma Yilong

In the process of farming, the hired workers took part in the labor together with the domestic helpers, paying attention to the fields. He found that although the domestic workers did farm work, they didn't understand the truth of farming. At that time, people were not willing to work in agriculture but to seek commercial profits. As a result, they got twice the result with half the effort. Deeply worried about this, he wrote a book called "nongshuo" according to his farming experience. The length of this book is very small, and its Chinese diction is too abstruse. Generally speaking, it is mostly theoretical.

Ma Yilong

He inherited the traditional thought of attaching importance to agriculture and the theory of three talents. In view of the actual situation of abandoning agriculture and doing business in the society at that time, he elaborated the relationship among monarch, people, food, agriculture and power, reached the conclusion that "agriculture is the root cause, food is the people's nature", and once again emphasized the importance of agriculture. And put forward the slogan of "strength is enough to win the sky". It is worth noting that while emphasizing human resources, he attaches great importance to the role of knowledge (i.e. Intelligence). He said: "those who do not know more than they can do will not succeed.". He believes that a good farmer must have both intelligence and physical strength. The so-called "those who go to the farm have both intelligence and strength.". In his words, wisdom is mainly manifested in "being deep in agricultural principles", that is, being well aware of agricultural principles. Power is "diligent in farming". The function of intelligence is mainly manifested in three aspects: knowing the time (i.e. the time of heaven), knowing the soil (i.e. the nature of earth) and knowing its suitability (i.e. crops). If nothing is lost, half the work will be done twice as well. Do you know it first? "

Ma Yilong

Putting the importance of knowledge in the first place is a development of the theory of "three talents".

Ma Yilong

He said: "knowing the time is the best, knowing the earth is the second. If you know what's right, you can't abandon it. Know what is appropriate and avoid what is not. He used the theory of yin and Yang and Qi to elaborate the relationship between heaven, earth and agricultural production. According to the principle of "restraining Yang and controlling Yin",

Ma Yilong

He put forward the theory of "animal Yang" and thought that "the way of reproduction is to combine Yang with earth.". It's not easy to get rid of the bad luck; it's hard to get rid of the bad luck. For the sake of Xuyang, he put forward a land preparation measure, that is, the time of land preparation should be "early in winter and late in spring; early in cloud, before the winter solstice; late in cloud, after the vernal equinox". As for the depth of land preparation, he demanded that "Qiyuan (high-lying fields) should be deep, Qixi (low-lying fields) should be shallow", "nine inches should be deep, three inches should be shallow", "deep to meet its vitality, shallow to meet its sunshine". In terms of the quality of land preparation, he not only asked for "turning over and counting", so that "if there is no arable soil in the field, there is no barren disease in the soil". To eliminate the phenomenon of "shrinking branch", it is necessary to "refine and smooth" and "copy, rake and dill". According to the dialectical principle of yin and Yang,

Ma Yilong

He also put forward the method to prevent the "crazy growth" of crops. He said: "today, with the development of agriculture, the land is spared, and the feces are abundant and hard-working, the seedlings are thriving. Later, there was only Meiying, but no millet, commonly known as Fei (Yuehe). This is precisely the ear of those who do not know how to restrain and damage their faults. What is the method? To cut off the floating roots, to cut off the attached leaves, to remove the accumulated dirt in the field, to dry and crack the skin, the principle is to restrain it. " This method of inhibiting the growth of roots and leaves to prevent crop overgrowth is still used today, but it is only a temporary cure. To this end,

Ma Yilong

And further put forward the method of consolidating the foundation. Crop overgrowth is often caused by improper topdressing. The ancients believed that the growth of organisms was related to the earth atmosphere.

Ma Yilong

Thus said: "the life of vegetation, its life in the soil, the generation of change, not away from the atmosphere." Before that, people realized that "if the soil is poor, the plants will not grow, and if the air is weak, the organisms will fail.". In general, the method of increasing topdressing is used to remedy the soil deterioration

Ma Yilong

In other words, it means that "it will be weak and fertile, and it will be helpful.". However, it is difficult to grasp the amount of topdressing. Therefore,

Ma Yilong

This paper puts forward the methods of "nourishing the source" and "consolidating the foundation" to prevent the occurrence of overgrowth fundamentally. He said: "Wo Mo is good at nourishing the source, and Zhuang must seek its solid foundation.". Ziyuan emphasizes the use of base fertilizer. "Those who consolidate their roots should make them go deep into the soil. Method: when the seedlings are flourishing, cut off the floating silk roots, slightly dry the soil skin under the roots, so that the top roots grow straight down. Then the roots are deep and vigorous, and you can let the soil force happen, and you will be able to bear fruit This is actually a theoretical explanation of the traditional farming and baking technology.

Ma Yilong

In addition, it inherits the previous climate generation theory of crop diseases and insect pests, and considers that the occurrence of diseases and insect pests is related to the time of day, and puts forward the control methods of irrigation, long pulling, sparse teeth brushing and lime tung oil spreading leaves. Starting from the relationship between biological growth and "Qi", he also criticized the traditional method of seed soaking and seedling raising, believing that this method was "sick in the womb" and "lack of ancestral Qi". For this reason, he put forward two methods of raising seedlings. First, after the winter solstice, choose a nursery in a high place, treat it, put seeds on it, cover it with sparse grass, prevent birds, cultivate plant ash, water it, and then water it with fertilizer to promote germination, and then weed and fertilize it to promote growth. The second is to wrap the seeds with grass, hang them under the eaves with wind, put them in the deep water after spring, don't make them close to the soil, and spread the seeds and sprout half a month later. This method is different from the traditional seed soaking method recorded in Qi Min Yao Shu and still used today.

Ma Yilong

Although the proposed method has not been popularized, it is worth studying and summarizing. After a comprehensive discussion on the timing, soil properties, manpower and grain planting of agricultural production,

Ma Yilong

This paper focuses on rice cultivation, especially rice transplanting and field management. He believes that the significance of rice transplanting lies in the fact that "the Qi of the two soils are combined in one seedling, and the Qi is abundant." When transplanting, it is required to be arranged vertically and horizontally to facilitate cultivation. The density should be determined according to the fertility of the soil. The dense planting of fertile field should be reasonable, and the dense planting of barren field should not be allowed. Generally, there are 7200 to 10000 trees per mu. He thought that the cultivation should be carried out early to prevent the trouble in the first place. "It's more difficult to plan than to grow, which one should go first.". He also put forward the view of Miao seyundang. "More seedlings, new soil. Yellow to green, but with work swing. He believed that although the grass was removed, the seedlings were strengthened. Because the floating mud in the field is easy to produce horizontal roots, and the soil layer under the floating mud is solid, and the top roots can't go down. If the top root is not deep enough and the horizontal root grows on the mud surface, the soil fertility obtained by the crop is not much. Although it grows luxuriantly, it does not have much heading. The effect of Yundang is to inhibit the growth of transverse roots, promote the top roots into the soil, absorb more nutrients, and increase the number of ears and grains per plant. It can be seen that the seedling fixation is the embodiment of the root fixation. On the whole,

Ma Yilong

"Nongshuo" is nothing more than "animal Yang", "foot Qi", "solid base" and so on, its achievements and weaknesses are reflected in this. That is to say, nongshuo is an ancient agricultural book

Chinese PinYin : Ma Yi Long