Sun Jianai

Sun Jianai

Sun Jianai (1827 ~ 1909) was born in Shouzhou (now Shouxian County, Huainan) of Anhui Province. In the ninth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1859), the number one scholar, together with Weng Tonghe, was the master of Emperor Guangxu. Lei Qian, a Bachelor of cabinet, served successively as Minister of the Ministry of industry, Minister of the Ministry of industry, Minister of rites, Ministry of household, Ministry of officials and Ministry of punishment. On July 3, 1898, he was appointed as the first minister of management and academic affairs of the Capital University (now Peking University) by the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs and the assistant bachelor. After 1900, he was appointed as the bachelor and Academic Affairs Minister of wenyuange. After his death, his posthumous title was Wen Zheng.

Life of the characters

Sun Jianai, a young scholar of poetry, failed in the first examination after he won the provincial examination. He saw his brothers on the list and encouraged himself. Finally Xianfeng nine years (1859) in a Jinshi (Champion). Later, he was given the title of Xiuzhuan and lishidu. He went straight to the study and was granted the title of "zhuangyuanji". After living in Kyoto for a long time, he built another mansion in Beijing Lianzi Hutong.

Tongzhi three years (1864) Hubei Xuezheng. Guangxu four years (1878) life in Yuqing palace walk, and Weng Tonghe taught Guangxu emperor, after tired of sending cabinet bachelor, promoted minister. Chen Baochen, a scholar in Jiangxi Province, wrote a letter asking for instructions to worship Huang Zongxi and Gu Yanwu in the Confucian temple. Most of the commentators thought it was impossible. Sun Jianai, pan Zuyin, Weng Tonghe and sun Yijing asked again before they were approved.

In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), he was granted the right censor of duchayuan, the Minister of the Ministry of industry, and Yin of shuntianfu. In 1894, the Sino Japanese Sino Japanese War of 1894 was about to break out, and the main battle of the Korean parliament was about to break out. The failure of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 shocked the government and the public. He put forward the political idea of reform and self-improvement. He believed that to revitalize China, we should pay attention to science and set up industry. If the country wants to be rich and strong and the nation wants to prosper, we must first open schools.

Sun Jianai was listed in the strong society and participated in the activities. Yang Chongyi, the imperial censor, inherited Li Hongzhang's idea and told the emperor that "the strong society discussed the government affairs in vain", so he changed the name of the strong society to "official book company", and sun Jianai was still in charge of it. He repeatedly recommended to Emperor Guangxu such books as Zheng Guanying's "dangerous words at grand events", Tang Guangqian's "dangerous words" and Feng Guifen's "protest at xiaojialu", and requested thousands of copies to be printed and distributed to officials at all levels. He agreed with the reformers' political views of "enlightening the people's wisdom" and "communicating with others" as the first discussion, and believed that "newspapers are an important way to communicate with others. They can get rid of the emperor's obstruction when reading newspapers, but it is strictly forbidden to mess up chencong.". He and Ma jisen set up Guangyi yarn mill in Anyang, Henan Province. His nephew sun duosen founded Fufeng flour mill and Zhongfu bank in Shanghai, and invested in Qixin cement company, Beijing Waterworks, Jingxing Mining Bureau, luanzhou government mining company, etc.

In 1898, Emperor Guangxu issued an imperial edict to carry out reform, abolish the imperial examination, promote schools, run newspapers and compile books, and ordered sun Jianai to host the Capital University (now Peking University) to study the school running system of European, American and Japanese countries. Sun Jianai put forward the idea of "taking middle school as the main body, Western learning as the auxiliary; middle school as the body, Western learning as the application". It is planned that the Capital University will set up 10 main subjects and 10 subsidiary subjects. The requirements are as follows: "to sum up the past and the present, to cover both China and foreign countries, to use the body, to be precise and rough...". He also advocated the establishment of medical schools, military schools and accelerated schools, and urged all provinces to set up more primary and secondary schools. Later, he ordered his descendants to set up many schools in his hometown of Shouzhou. After the failure of the Kang and Liang reforms, the six gentlemen were killed, and Empress Dowager Cixi "abolished the emperor and established the crown prince". He strongly remonstrated, but his opinions were not adopted, so he asked to withdraw under the pretext of recuperation. After the invasion of Beijing, he was appointed Minister of rites in Xi'an by Cixi. After returning to Beijing, he paid homage to the great Bachelor of Ti Ren Pavilion, transferred to Dong Pavilion and Wen Yuan Pavilion, and was promoted to minister of Wu Ying hall.

In 1906, the Qing government announced the Constitution and set up the Council. Sun Jianai took the post of president. He called all the ministers to speak in shifts and personally wrote the handouts of Shangshu and sizishu. In February of 1908, Emperor Guangxu paid a visit to Prince Taifu and built Taifu di (now the Party school site of Shouxian county Party committee) in Chengbei street of Shouxian county.

In the first year of Xuantong (1909), sun Jianai became ill again and died at the age of 83. His posthumous title is wenzhenggong. The next year, the family helped the coffin back home and buried it near liushuwei, Jiulong Township, south of Shouxian county.

Character evaluation

Jia Nai was simple and restrained, and he had no quick words in his life. Although it is expensive, it is related to the ceremony of Sheng Jun. When they live in a closed house, they are far away from their guests and are afraid of power. He was a governor of Hubei Province, a scholar of politics, a judge of Shanxi Province, a judge of heaven, and a judge of the president. Pull out a volume of toilet two a, with a list of meaning can not, that is, hold back, let not like to compete with this. Liu Tingchen, the editor of the book, said that he had lost his national character, and that he could not fight for the responsibility of the prime minister. Later, imperial censor was appointed. Jia Nai, who was the only one to protect Ting Chen, said that he was responsible for his righteousness and knew that he would not be responsible for his country if he was loyal.

Characters and deeds

Xianfeng nine years (1859) the number one scholar, granted the Imperial Academy to write. He went out to study politics in Hubei Province, and was promoted to minister and minister. Go to the study on duty. Guangxu four years (1878), life in Yuqing palace walk, and Weng Tonghe with Guangxu emperor division. He has been promoted to the position of Bachelor of science, Bachelor of science and servant.

In 1894, sun Jianai opposed the war against Japan for the suzerainty of Korea. He insisted on compromise, which coincided with Li Hongzhang's view. Twenty four years later, the Capital University (now Peking University) was established as the first minister of management. In the 33rd year, he was the president of the Council with PU Lun. He drafted the constitution of the Council and planned constitutional affairs.

During the reform movement of 1898, sun Jianai advocated learning from Europe and the United States, pointing out that "China takes rites and education as the foundation of the nation building, and the name of the code of ethics is always new". The reform was a tool to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and the inherent system could not be broken, which was different from the ideas of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. In the 24th year, Cixi and Ronglu launched the 1898 coup, abolished the new deal, removed Weng Tonghe, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu, and killed the "Six Gentlemen of 1898". Sun Jianai's political reform position was moderate, so he was not investigated.

In 1900, the Boxer Movement broke out, and the emperor and empress traveled westward to Shaanxi. Sun Jianai was appointed Minister of rites. After returning to Beijing, he served as a Bachelor of Ti Ren Ge, a Bachelor of Li Zhuan Dong Ge, Wen Yuan Ge and Wu Ying Dian, a minister of academic affairs, and paid attention to practical learning. He worked with Zhang Bai Xi to formulate the regulations of Zou Ding school and carried out educational reform. After the reform, the chief minister, Qu Hongji, and the chief minister of military affairs were authorized. Guangxu 34 years (1908), reward Prince Taifu.

In the first year of Xuantong, sun Jianai died of illness. He was given the title of Wenzheng by Jin Dynasty. There is a biography of the draft of Qing history.

The number one in a series of witty remarks

Sun Jianai read poetry when he was young. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851 A.D.), he went down to Nanwei. He saw his brothers' name on the gold list and encouraged himself. In 1859, when sun Jianai took part in the palace examination in the ninth year of Xianfeng, Emperor Xianfeng ordered him to write a couplet with the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty. Sun Jianai wrote impromptu couplets saying:

"For hundreds of millions of years, he has helped the emperor, followed the heart of heaven, helped the people's will, kept his body calm, and saw his deeds in a dry way. He has been in Kyushu for a long time. He has succeeded Emperor Yao and Shun of Xi. He has been in power for two hundred years, and has made great achievements in his administration. He is upright and upright in the court. He is in the field of peace and uprightness.

This couplet not only praises the great achievements of the Qing Dynasty, but also skillfully embeds the titles of Emperors "Shunzhi", "Kangxi", "Yongzheng", "Qianlong", "Jiaqing" and "Daoguang" into the couplet, which shows sun Jianai's outstanding talent. Emperor Xianfeng looked at it and exclaimed, "wonderful!" Hold up the brush and point him as the number one scholar.

In the tide of reform

After the outbreak of the Sino Japanese war in 1894, Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, advocated negotiation and peace, while Weng Tonghe insisted on war. Sun Jianai strongly opposed the war with Japan for the suzerainty of North Korea, and agreed with Li Hongzhang's peace talks. The failure of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 made sun Jianai see clearly the political and military corruption of the Qing government, changed his mind, sympathized with the reformers, and put forward his own reform ideas. In 1895, Kang Youwei founded the strong society in Beijing to discuss current affairs, translate books and newspapers, and publicize reform and reform. Sun Jianai "tried to prepare the library for his residence, and was listed in the Beijing strong society". Soon after, Yang Chongyi, the imperial envoy, followed Li Hongzhang's intention and impeached the qiangxue society, which was called "private society party, and it will start the wind of scholars' cross talk", and the qiangxue society was banned by the Qing government. However, sun Jianai "tried his best to say that it was false, and that the facts were beneficial"; he reorganized the Institute into an official publishing house and took charge of its affairs, and advocated extensive reading for the purpose of serving the country.

Sun Jianai believed that the reformers' ideas of "opening up the people's wisdom" and "communicating with the people" were the most important, and he agreed to change Shanghai Shi Wu Bao into an official newspaper. He pointed out: since ancient times, "there has never been a saint, emperor and king who can not understand the feelings of the lower, but who can reach the highest level of justice.". "The country's long-standing disadvantages lie only in perfunctoriness and carelessness, and most of them are blamed for carelessness and carelessness," he said. In the memorial, Wei Zheng's words to Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty were quoted: "if you listen to both of them, you will be bright, if you listen to only one, you will be dark." He suggested that the emperor order the newspaper offices in Beijing, Shenzhou, Hubei, Guangdong and other places to send their newspapers to the duchayuan day by day for "recording and viewing".

Sun Jianai also believed that reform and self-improvement should take the overall situation as a whole, prioritize and plan before moving. Pointed out: "today's situation, such as people suffering from flaccidity and weakness", to suit the medicine to the case, not to rush to hospital. He also recommended three books to Emperor Guangxu, namely, Zheng Guanying's dangerous words in prosperous times, Tang Shouqian's dangerous words, and Feng Guifen's proofreading and Lu's protest. He thought that Feng's book was the most "precise book" and that "its main book was the political reform, and his ministers also wanted the emperor to read it carefully, select and implement it". He also invited the emperor to publish it, and presented it to the officials of various departments, so that they could comment on it, so as to be recognized and popular. He said: "it is a public opinion that the reform is suitable for the people, and the common people's feelings are very good

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