Zhang Yinlin

Zhang Yinlin

Zhang Yinlin (1905-1942) was born in Dongguan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. He is a famous scholar and historian. His representative work is outline of Chinese history. Zhang Yinlin was born in November 1905 and graduated from Guangdong Provincial No.2 Middle School in 1922. The next year, he was admitted to the third grade of Tsinghua School. Only half a year later, he published his first work in the 21st issue of Xueheng magazine: "questioning the theory that Confucius lived more than a hundred years after Laozi was born." in response to historian Liang Qichao's objection to the textual research of Laozi's deeds, Tsinghua teachers and students were greatly shocked and were highly praised by Liang Qichao. In June 1924, he published his paper "a survey of the introduction of Western learning into China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties", which analyzed the differences between the western learning introduced into China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and its impact on Chinese culture.

brief account of the author's life

Zhang Yinlin studied in Tsinghua University for seven years. He is well-known for his outstanding talents in history, learning and talent. Together with Qian Zhongshu, Wu Han and Xia Nai, he is known as the "four talents of the College of Arts". He published more than 40 papers and academic essays in Xueheng, Journal of Tsinghua University, Oriental journal, Journal of Yanjing, Journal of literature and history, Guowen weekly and other journals, which won the praise of the historians at that time. In 1929, he graduated from Tsinghua University with excellent results. He went to Stanford University to study the history of western philosophy and sociology. He has studied abroad for 4 years, completed the required courses, and has received the doctor of philosophy degree before the expiration of the period.

In 1934, he returned to China and was employed by Tsinghua University as a full-time lecturer in the history and philosophy departments, as well as a history and philosophy course at Peking University. In April 1935, he married Huizhu, the daughter of lunming. After the summer vacation, he was invited by the Ministry of education to compile a history textbook for senior high school: "outline of Chinese history" and "ancient chapter". Although it is a textbook for senior high school, its skill and knowledge are not slightly reduced. However, it is a well-known work of Chinese history. He Lin called it "the highest expression and concrete crystallization of his personality knowledge and thought", and his book is "sincere and touching" They have the passion of promoting social welfare, the ideal of promoting social welfare, the concise and beautiful writing, the profound and specialized knowledge, and the thorough and understanding thought and insight

After the Lugouqiao Incident in 1937, he went south to Zhejiang University to give lectures for a short time. He once taught in Changsha temporary University, where Tsinghua University, Peking University and Nankai University merged. He returned to live in Shilong in the spring of 1938, and then went to Kunming to teach in Southwest Associated University. At the beginning of 1939, he was invited by the Political Department of Chongqing Military Commission as a consultant. He wanted to contribute to the war of resistance against Japan, but he didn't want to be a consultant. He just talked about things and felt that there was nothing to do. So he left without saying goodbye and went back to the United Nations General Assembly to give lectures. At the beginning of 1940, he transferred to Zhejiang University. His monograph "outline of Chinese history" (ancient chapter) was published by Chongqing Youth bookstore. Zhang Yinlin was a researcher of the national defense design Commission and chief editor of the Chinese social and economic history collection, Institute of Social Sciences, Academia Sinica. In 1941, he participated in the publication of "times and thoughts" monthly and founded "times and thoughts society". Some students were arrested and persecuted by the authorities, so he stepped forward to protect them. He suffered from nephritis. Due to lack of medicine, his condition became increasingly serious. He died in Zunyi on October 24, 1942, at the age of 37.

Although Zhang Yinlin died young, scholars who are familiar with him, including Liang rengong, He Lin and Wu Han, all praise him as a rare historical genius. Xiong Shili once said, "Mr. Zhang Yinlin is a historian and a philosopher. I don't know much about his profound thoughts which have not yet been explained. However, it is a school with a vast scale. If it doesn't keep the words of one school, it will be well known by all the sages of the time. " He also said: "in the past, all the scholars of the Ming Dynasty were proficient in both philosophy and history. Because of the death of Mr. Yin Lin, I deeply regret the scale of his death, or there is no successor. " (Xiong Shili: Philosophy and history -- mourning for Mr. Zhang Yinlin) it is rare for Xiong to comment on a contemporary scholar who died 20 years younger than himself. Zhang Yisheng wrote many works, which were scattered in newspapers and magazines, with hundreds of thousands of words. Among them, Zhang Yinlin's anthology and outline of Chinese history (ancient chapter) were reprinted by Beijing Sanlian bookstore in 1955. Read his book, there will be a kind of "Weisi people, I who will return" exclamation.

After his death, the thought and time society published a special issue to commemorate his death. Friends in Kunming also held a memorial meeting to commemorate, while Ta Kung Pao published a posthumous article and mourning articles by Wang Yunsheng and Zhang Qiyun. Wu Han, He Lin, Feng Youlan and others also planned to set up a Memorial Scholarship for Zhang Yinlin in Tsinghua University, but failed because of the devaluation of the currency. His historical theory was published by a friend of Zhejiang University. In 1953, a book on philosophy of history was published in Taipei. Zhejiang University collected his essays on the history of the Song Dynasty and compiled a collection of essays on the history of the Song Dynasty, which did not come out. Before he died, he planned to write three books: the law of historical research, the new edition of the history of Song Dynasty, and the history of Chinese political philosophy. There are three kinds of anthologies compiled by posterity: anthologies of Zhang Yinlin, published by Taipei Chinese series Committee in 1956 and edited by Lun Weiliang; anthologies of Mr. Zhang Yinlin, published by Taipei Jiusi publishing house in 1977 and edited by Li Yushu; anthologies of Zhang Yinlin, published by Beijing Education Science Publishing House in 1993 and edited by Zhang Yuntai.

Zhang Yinlin has many aspects of cultivation, in addition to history, in philosophy, ethics, sociology, politics, translation and other aspects are quite involved, it covers a wide range of strong generality, insight, rich in modern critical spirit, appears to be a grand scale, erudite and refined. Therefore, Xie Youwei, a famous scholar, said that his specialized subjects include at least four: history, Sinology, philosophy and sociology. His advantage lies in the integration of these aspects. The combination of ancient ideal of talents, learning, knowledge and morality with modern humanistic methods and critical analysis ability is embodied in him.

A brief collection of the past

Zhang Yinlin was born in Shilong Town, Dongguan, Guangdong Province in 1905. When he was young, he was rich in books and his father was very strict in teaching. After his father's death, his family was in decline. He was admitted to Tsinghua School in 1921. After eight years of study in Tsinghua University, he made great progress in his studies. He was interested in Chinese and Western literature, history and philosophy, especially in history.

In September 1923, in the 21st issue of Xueheng, the author published the article "questioning the theory of Confucius more than a hundred years after Laozi's birth", which refuted the six pieces of evidence 1 that Liang Qichao had verified that Laozi was after Mencius. After reading it, Liang Qichao didn't think it was disobedient. Instead, he praised it as a genius and thought that he would achieve something in the future. Since then, he has become famous at one stroke. He has done more and more, but he has never been able to do so. Liang Qichao also became the most respected senior scholar in his life.

He thinks that although textual research is history, it is not the difficulty of history, but the difficulty of historical talent. It is history that has become the most important thing in his administration of history. Most of the articles are published in Ta Kung Pao, Xue Heng, Journal of Yanjing and Journal of Tsinghua University. The writing style is sharp, flowing and full of critical spirit, and the content involves literature, history and philosophy.

During his study at Tsinghua University, Zhang Yinlin actively participated in many discussions in the academic circles at that time. The famous scholars he criticized or praised include Hu Shi, Feng Youlan, Su Xuelin, Wei Juxian, Zhu Xizu, etc. Among the critical articles, the criticism of Gu Jiegang's School of "ancient history discrimination" is the most famous and influential. He used the European historian Xenopus（ Ch.Seignobos ）According to Gu Jiegang's theory of historical cognition, the "fallacy of fundamental method" is the misuse of "tacit evidence", that is, "because there is no historical event in a book or in a Book of a certain era, it is judged that there is no such idea in a certain era". It points out that "tacit evidence" method can only be used under strictly limited conditions, because it says: "we can't because of the fact that there is no historical event in a book or in a Book of a certain era."《 The relationship between Yu and Xia was not mentioned in the poems, the books and the Analects of Confucius, so it was said that Yu had nothing to do with Xia in the historical concept at that time. " "By analogy, two things must be similar, and then they can be inferred." Never "infer from abstract noun". However, he did not generally object to doubting the ancient, and said: "we do not call the ancient suspicious. In terms of the process of research, all learning should start with doubting. What's more, what's the origin of the ancient? However, if we do not seek extensive evidence and are good at judging a case and making a conjecture, those who do not agree with us are all false. Why is this different from the old strategists' good idea of reversing a case? And today, those who doubt the ancients are likely to do so. " So far, there is no systematic response to this.

Later generations have talked about this matter, to say: "among the scholars who do not agree with the ancient doubting school, those who are more famous and have something to say, such as Liu Yimou, Hu Jinren, Liu Yanli, Lu maode, shaolai and Zhang Yinlin. The criticism of the first three focuses on the different explanations of some details in ancient history. Zhang Yinlin and shaolai focus on the historical methods of criticizing ancient history, while Lu maode's criticism focuses on the historical methods of criticizing ancient history Both methods and insights. In addition, Liang Yuandong's article is also a special criticism of his historical methods. Zhang Yinlin is the earliest and most accurate critic of historical methods. He pointed out the cause of Gu's mistake precisely, which was partly due to the misuse of the method of tacit evidence and partly due to the association of goukong. At this time, he is only a student of Tsinghua University. " "Shaolai's and Liang Yuandong's criticisms are consistent with Zhang Wen's, but they are not as direct as Zhang's. it can be seen that he is familiar with western historiography methods, so he can point out Chen Gu's mistakes from the perspective of historiography methodology. On the other hand, people's criticism shows that few of them were proficient in western historiography at that time. Gu Jiegang was not as well educated as Han Muyi, a beautiful woman, said. In the face of Zhang's criticism, he could not refute or distinguish from Zhang's criticism in methodology. At that time, none of the so-called master scholars could discuss the methodology with him. It was a different thing. " Mr. Zhang Dainian said

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