Liang dingfen

Liang dingfen

Liang dingfen (1859-1919), a writer, book collector and poet in the late Qing Dynasty, was born in Panyu, Guangdong Province. They are named Xinghai, Xinhai, Bolie, Jiean, buhuishanmin, Guan, bingweng, wanderer, kuishuang, zangshan, cangsou, etc. their names include shame hall, kuishuang Pavilion, qifenglou, Kanghen hall, etc.

In the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, he was a Jinshi and an editor. He served as a magistrate, an inspector, and an administrative envoy. He was famous for impeaching Li Hongzhang. Later, he was engaged by Zhang Zhidong to lecture Guangdong Guangya academy and Jiangsu Zhongshan academy, and was the main writer of Changyan daily. Before the revolution of 1911, there was the thought of anti imperialist war. Later, as the teacher of Aixinjueluo Puyi, he was awarded the title of "walking in Yuqing Palace". Most of the poems are generous and indignant, and they are called "four schools of Modern Lingnan" together with Luo dun.

brief account of the author's life

Liang dingfen seldom lost his parents and adopted his aunt. He once studied under Chen Li, the dean of wupinqing jupo jingshe, and was taught by Zhang Dinghua, the editor of Hanlin Academy. Guangxu three years (1877) 18 years old in shuntianxiang. Qing Guangxu six years (1880) Jinshi, granted Imperial Academy Shuji Shi, married a talented woman surnamed Gong in Hunan; Guangxu nine years (1883) granted editor. He was upright and impeached many powerful people. In the Sino French war, Li Hongzhang, the Minister of Beiyang, insisted on peace. Liang dingfen impeached Li Hongzhang for six murderable crimes and accused him of mishandling the Sino Vietnamese issue when negotiating a treaty with France. Liang dingfen, however, dismissed Cixi as a crime of impeachment. He was demoted five grades in a row and went to Taichang temple to be a minor official of music. He engraved a seal of "dismissing the official on the 27th of the year" and resigned indignantly. When he left Beijing, he entrusted his wife to Wenting. Later, Wengong had an affair with him.

After returning to the south, he served as the dean of Fenghu Academy in Huizhou, Guangdong. Zhang Zhidong was appointed president of Duanxi Academy in Zhaoqing. The following year, Guangya college opened, and Liang dingfen was employed by Zhang Zhidong as the first president of Guangya college. Zhang Zhidong was transferred to the governor of Huguang and Liangjiang. Liang dingfen gave lectures in Lianghu academy and Nanjing Zhongshan Academy. Liang loves shark fin. When Zhang Zhidong holds a banquet, he must prepare a large plate of shark fin for him to eat. After Zhang Zhidong died, Liang dingfen went to Nanpi to be buried in person. Crying all the way, resounding through the sky. After the funeral, Liang lingered in front of Zhang's house for a long time and couldn't bear to leave. After Wen Tingshi's death, his ex-wife Gong's life was in dire straits, and Liang dingfen gave her 3000 liang of banknotes.

After the revolution of 1911, he lived in Shanghai as an old man. Once in Chen Baochen's recommendation, did Puyi's teacher. Later, he took an active part in Zhang Xun's restoration activities. Liang dingfen died of illness on November 14, 1919 in Beijing and was buried on the hill to the right of Chongling. On his deathbed, his last words should not be engraved in his poetry anthology: "this year, many of them have been burned, and some of them can't be burned out. If you see them, you can burn them again. Don't leave a word in the world. My heart is desolate, words can't spread out After his death, he was granted the posthumous title of "Wenzhong" by the late Qing Dynasty.

In 1886, three couplets were built in Fenghu academy, named "Fenghu library", which made the collection of the Academy more than 40000 volumes. It is one of the famous collections of the Academy in Guangdong Province, and it has the "four contracts of Fenghu library". Other academies have also built libraries after it. He donated books to the "Jiaoshan library" in Zhenjiang, which has 1092 books. At the end of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Hubei Provincial Library and other public libraries were established one after another, which made him have the idea of establishing a public library. In 1911, he established the "Liangci library" at taishidi, No. 93, zhafan street, Dadongmen nei, Guangzhou, where he lived. Nine out of ten of the collections are old books and one out of ten are new books. There are 23 regulations and books viewing, copying, borrowing, reading and donating, which are open to students in schools all over the country. He also has a private collection of more than 100000 volumes, with "kuishuang Pavilion" and "Qiangou hall". The collection of books does not focus on the song and Yuan Dynasties, but on the series of books, collections of Qing people's works and local chronicles, especially the local chronicles of Hubei. It is said that he refused to collect the works of Yuan Mei and Gong Zizhen. There are many library names, such as "qifenglou", "wuxianzhai", "hansongguan", "woniuzhai", etc. After the death of Liang dingfen in 1919, his son donated more than 20000 books to Guangdong Library (now Zhongshan Library of Guangdong Province), which was twice the total amount of books collected by the provincial library at that time.

Liang dingfen was fond of reading and drinking. He was good at calligraphy and poetry. He had frequent contacts with Zhang Zhidong, Chen Sanli and Kang Youwei. Most of the poems are generous and indignant, and they are called "four schools of Modern Lingnan" together with Luo dun. There are poems left by Mr. jie'an and its sequels, manuscripts left by Mr. jie'an and his remaining manuscripts, and fan ink by Mr. jie'an.

Calligraphy features

Liang dingfen was a beginner of Liu Gongquan and Rao Shuangjian. After middle age, he took both Huangshan Valley and Chu Dengshan's methods. He had fine tendons and long strokes. His writing skills were fine and vigorous. He was very creative and his style was sharp. Modern Jian Jinglun commented on his calligraphy: "elegant and exquisite." (see "cultural relics of Guangdong" in the book of Qin Zhai Lun Shu). Wang Senran commented on his poems: "his works are poems, clear words and beautiful sentences, which are beyond the scope of Modern Song Dynasty." he also commented on his books: "in his early years, he was close to Huang and Liu. In his middle age, he had his own family. In his later years, he wrote Chongling full emblem stele, which changed from heroic to cautious" (see modern famous family Commentary). Mai Hua commented on his book three times: "the power of the brush is through the back of the paper, while the color of the ink is protruding on the paper, which makes people feel comfortable and attractive. The bandits only use the best of the brush and have the wonderful use of the ink" (see the first volume of Lingnan shulun in Lingnan Calligraphy Series). Chen Yongzheng thought: "the best calligraphy of Liang is still his letters, which are freely written, fluent and elegant, especially those with grass in running script" (see the history of Lingnan calligraphy). His works are elegant, sharp and sharp. In his later years, he left many last words, such as "I was born alone, I have no achievement in learning, I will never forget everything", "this year I have burned a lot, some of them will burn again when I see them", "don't leave a word in the world, my heart is desolate, and the words can't be handed down to the world", so his true works are rarely handed down to the world.

Zhang Zhidong and Zhang Zhidong

In 1888, Zhang Zhidong founded Guangya College (now Guangya middle school in Guangdong Province), and Liang dingfen was the first president of Guangya college. In 1895, when Kang Youwei wanted to work in Shanghai chuangqiang society, Zhang Zhidong was also struggling to find a way to save the world. Therefore, Liang dingfen, who is well aware of Zhang Zhidong's thoughts, tried his best to promote the cooperation between Zhang and Kang. In November of that year, Kang Youwei came to Jiangning. At this time, Zhang Zhidong was suffering from his second son's drowning. In order to relieve his worries, Liang dingfen came up with a strategy to persuade Zhang Zhidong and Kang Youwei to talk about books and talk about "relieving them". After liang dingfen got involved, Kang Youwei lived in Jiangning for more than 20 days and talked with Zhang Zhidong every other day. Every night, he was able to "invite Xiang Tao as the initiator" and made Zhang Zhidong agree to donate silver as a membership fee.

Liang dingfen also made great efforts to promote Zhang Zhidong to support and sponsor the founding of the current affairs daily. Soon after the establishment of Shanghai strong society, it was stopped because of the involvement of Beijing strong society. On January 20, 1896, Yang Chongyi, a stubborn and conservative figure, impeached the Beijing Qiang Society for "planting the party for personal gain" and selling Western books, which led to the ban of Beijing Qiang society. Zhang Zhidong heard that he was afraid of being implicated, and immediately called to suspend the Shanghai strong society. However, the reformers did not give up the propaganda of the reform. Huang Zunxian and Wang Kangnian want to organize the current affairs daily. In order to seek Zhang Zhidong's support, they repeatedly wrote to Liang dingfen for help. In order to open a newspaper office, Liang dingfen made great efforts to help Zhang Zhidong to support the current affairs newspaper, which was founded on August 9, 1896. To a certain extent, Zhang Zhidong's ambition to save the country was relieved.

But Liang dingfen is not a reformer after all. His attitude towards the reform is basically the same as Zhang Zhidong's. He tried to bring the reform activities into the Westernization track of "Chinese style and Western style", so he became the intermediary of Zhang Zhidong's intervention in the times. In the process of publication of Shi Wu Bao, Liang dingfen always "strictly corrected". Those who agree with the Westernization program of "Chinese style and western use" are praised for "Ying tie"; those who go beyond the track of "Chinese style and western use" are strongly suppressed. In November 1897, when Liang Qichao advocated civil rights in the general discussion on political reform published in Shi Wu Bao, he warned Wang Kangnian that "the writing of civil rights is not good, so don't move the pen", and asked Wang "my younger brother is not attached to Kang, so why?" Wang Kangnian was asked to "be in a mixed area of Chinese and foreigners We should keep the will of the monarchy, not be confused by heresy, not be misled by the wrong way. ".

After Kang and Liang organized the National Defense Conference in 1898, the trend of denigration and exclusion of the obstinate conservatives became more and more popular, and the party struggle between emperor and empress was imminent. Zhang Zhidong, who had been through many political trials and hardships, was familiar with the political situation, so he was afraid that he would be exposed to the relationship with the reformers. He was eager to show that he was politically loyal to Cixi and was different from Kang and Liang. However, he hesitated and asked Liang dingfen for countermeasures. Liang dingfen judged the situation and thought that "Kang Liang will be defeated". Therefore, he urged Zhang to draw a clear line with the reformers.

Under liang dingfen's plan, Zhang Zhidong changed the name of "qiangxue Pian", which advocated reform, to "quanxue Pian". Its content took loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, respecting the classics and abiding by the Tao as a sermon, implying that the new law was not feasible and the old law could not be changed. Later, Liang dingfen and Zhu Yixin annotated the part of the book which is loyal to the king and defends the way, and reorganized it into a volume, and then included it in the Yijiao series, which became a representative work against the reform. In addition, he made a volume of "Quan Xue Pian" and submitted it to Cixi to express his opposition to the reform. It can be seen that the publication of Zhang Zhidong's Quan Xue Pian has something to do with Liang dingfen's influence.

During this period, Zhang Zhidong also wanted to establish his own position of public opinion, the Journal of Zhengxue, to show his loyalty to the monarch and defend the way. Zhang Zhidong entrusted the important task to Liang dingfen. Liang dingfen did not live up to Zhang Zhidong's high expectations. He replaced his sword with his pen and attacked him with his words

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