Horace

Horace

Quintus Horatius flacus (Latin: Quintus Horatius flaccus, Greek: Ο ρ ι ι ι ι ι ι, venoza, Italy, December 8-november 27, Italy), is a famous poet, critic and translator during the reign of Augustus in the Roman Empire. His representative works include the art of poetry.

He is one of the representatives of the "golden age" of ancient Roman literature. Together with Virgil and Ovid, they are known as the three great poets of ancient Rome. As a translator, influenced by Cicero's literary criticism and theory, he talks about the use of language and translation in his works. To sum up, there are mainly the following two points: translation must adhere to live translation, abandon literal translation; native language can be enriched by borrowing foreign words. He said in the art of Poetry: "a translator who is faithful to the original will not translate word by word.".

summary

1. The unity of image lies in its integrity. Horace thinks that the foundation of artistic beauty is "no matter what you do, at least be unified and consistent".

2. The conformity of personality lies in its age, status and life experience. Horace thinks that there are two main ways to integrate characters: stereotype (suitable for Greek art image as the theme) and stereotype (suitable for Roman real life theme).

3. The combination of theme lies in the refinement of theme according to the poet's ability. (attention should be paid to the time capacity structure and space capacity arrangement of events when dealing with subject matter.)

4. The brilliant thought of art lies in its educational function. Horace said of the singing team of the drama: it must sponsor kindness and give friendly advice; it must correct anger and love those who dare not commit crimes.

5. Judgment. Horace said: to write successfully, judgment is the beginning and source.

6. The content of art will be completely popularized into morality and law. Horace transformed the Greek idea of beauty and good into the Roman world of politics, economy and morality.

Philosophical thought

Horace believes that the task of poetry is to inherit the divine will and guide life. When imitating nature, fiction is allowed, but it must be reasonable and close to the truth. "The purpose of fiction is to make people happy" and "teaching in fun, which can not only persuade readers, but also make them love, so as to meet the expectations of the public.". The poet "should play with the example of Greece day and night", should look for the real model in life and customs and absorb the language faithful to life, to find the type and commonness of people, and create some words with the characteristics of the times, can use the traditional theme to describe the stereotyped characters (such as Achilles).

Horace also thinks that drama should keep its structure consistent and the characters' character, age and language consistent, so as to form an organic whole to embody harmony. The plot effect of the script is more important than the effect of the confession. The five act and three act actors are the most suitable. The murder and the vulgar language of ordinary people should also be avoided. According to the above purpose and approach, poetry and drama can achieve their highest quality, which Horace called "fit" or "decorum".

In addition, Horace also thinks that genius should not lay particular stress on emotion, and judgment (rational judgment) is the beginning and source of success in writing. Only in this way can the play produce brilliant ideas, which make the audience love and forget to return.

Horace's idea of "teaching in pleasure", as well as his theory of combination, type and generality, laid down the basic principles for classicism in the 17th century, which occupied an important position in the history of western ancient aesthetic thought, and its influence was second only to Aristotle and Plato.

Life course

Born in the small town of venusia (now venosa) on the border of Apulia in southern Italy, he belongs to the class of small and medium-sized slave owners and believes in Aristotle's philosophy of the mean. About 52-50 BC, he went to Rome to study, and then went to Athens for further study. After Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Athens became the center of Republican activities. Horace enlisted in the Republican Army and was appointed commander of the army. In 42 BC, the Republican Army was defeated and fled back to Italy. I worked as a financial recorder in Rome and wrote poetry at the same time. His poetic talent soon attracted the attention of the famous poet Virgil, and was recommended to Augustus' political adviser, messinas, and attracted the attention of Augustus. In the mid-1930s BC, Augustus gave him a comfortable manor through messinas, which comforted him deeply. His political attitude changed from supporting the Republic to supporting the monarchy. He wrote poems praising Augustus' rule and became Augustus' Court poet.

personal works

There are 2 volumes of satirical poems, 4 volumes of long and short sentences, 4 volumes of songs, 2 volumes of songs of the century and 2 volumes of letters. Satirical poetry anthology and long short sentences anthology are early works, which may be written at the same time. Horace claimed to have inherited the tradition of Roman Satirical Poetry, but his satirical poetry lacked political color, mainly engaged in moral preaching, ridiculed miserly, greedy, fraudulent, obscene and other vices in the form of gossip, and advocated the doctrine of the mean and reasonable enjoyment. The long and short sentence is a kind of double line poem with the second line less than the first line by one step, which reflects a certain Republican tendency in content. The first three volumes of the collection of songs were published in 23 BC, with a total of 88 poems, most of which are lyric poems, describing love, friendship, wine and music, etc. The first six songs in volume three, also known as ode to Rome, praise Augustus and the revival of Rome under his rule, with elegant and solemn style. The theme of many poems in the anthology of songs is similar to that of satirical poems, advocating the ideal of living away from worldly disturbance, maintaining inner peace and contentment. These poems are philosophical, lyrical, and easy to use myths and allusions. They have rich associations and vivid images. They are quite touching to read. The fourth volume of anthology was published in 13 BC, with 15 poems in total, which praise Augustus more in content. The song of the century is an ode written for the celebration of the century by Augustus in 17 BC, praying for the prosperity of Rome and praising the rule of Augustus. The style is harmonious, graceful and solemn. The first volume of shuzha was written in 23-20 BC, and its main content is still life philosophy. The second volume is all about literary criticism, especially the third one, commonly known as "the art of poetry", which has become a famous classical literary theory in Europe. Starting from his rich poetry creation practice, the poet talked about artistic imitation, the relationship between art and life, the educational function of literature and art, and the poet's cultivation, which had a great influence on the later European literary theory.

Famous sayings

1. You have to smile before you can make others smile. In the same way, you have to cry yourself in order to cause a cry reaction on other people's faces.

2. Fearlessness is actually the only way to be truly satisfied with yourself.

3. The hillbilly waited until the river ran dry, but the river flowed, flowed, flowed forever.

4. Time steals something from us every day, year after year, and it eventually steals us from ourselves as well. "Letters"

5. Property may serve you, but it may enslave you.

6. Hearing is better than seeing.

7. We're just dust and shadows. The ode

8. Harvest today, seize today.

9. Money is either a slave or a master. There is no other.

10. What are you laughing at? Just change the name, the story is about you. When are you laughing? Change the name and the story is about you

11. There are a thousand people, there are a thousand views.

12. How insignificant is the thing that makes one depressed or excited by the desire for praise!

13. Genius can be shown in adversity, but it will be buried in affluent environment.

14. Without wealth, status and courage, even seaweed is inferior.

15. Small people love small things.

16. It's like the more wealth you get, the more you drink.

17. It has always been legal and will always be legal to speak the language that bears the mark of the times.

18. Only when you are drunk can you be true.

19. A good start is half done. Well be gunishalfdone

20. Some words and proverbs can relieve pain or eliminate the suffering of disease.

You can't drive humanity away with a pitchfork.

22. Noble falsehood. splendidemendax.

Remember to keep calm when you are in trouble. Remembertokeepthemindcalmindifficultmoments.

24. As many people have as many aesthetic values.

Time can make the hidden things appear, but also can make the brilliant things dim.

26. Look for real models in life and customs, and absorb the language loyal to life from there.

27. No workers can benefit from it.

28. As long as a person has the patience to cultivate his culture, he will never be so rude that he can be educated.

29. Let nature go with a fork, and it will still come back.

30. If you do good deeds and accumulate virtue too much, ordinary people will become a madman, and a gentleman will become a villain.

The miser is always in poverty.

A true confidant seems colder than a liar.

33. There is no reason for violence, and it will only lead to its own consequences.

All mothers hate war.

35. Good people express their hatred and admiration of virtue through their love for virtue.

Humility is not cowardice.

Education can develop people's intelligence.

38. I built a monument, which is more beautiful than bronze

Chinese PinYin : He La Si