cruel and oppressive person

Jie

Xia Jie (year of birth and death unknown), surnamed Si, named Lu GUI, was born in Xihe (Xihe village, dongcaiyuan Town, Tangyin County, Anyang City, Henan Province). The last emperor of Xia Dynasty, the son of Difa, was a famous tyrant in ancient history.

He moved his capital to Chongyi. During his reign, he was licentious, tyrannical, and the princes did not rule. With the help of Yi Yin and Zhong Hui, Cheng Tang, the monarch of Shang state, gradually destroyed Wei state, Gu state and Kun Wu. In the battle of mingtiao, Xia Jie was defeated, captured and exiled in Nanchao. He was in power for 52 years, marking the fall of Xia Dynasty.

A few years later, Hakka died in Nanchao, and his posthumous title was Jie.

Life of the characters

Political rule

Jie, surnamed Si, is a Xia Hou surname. His name is GUI (one is Lu GUI). He is the son of the emperor FA. Jie is his posthumous title, so he is called Xia Jie in history. After the death of Di FA, Jie succeeded to the throne of Xia Dynasty. When Jie was in power, the princes of all countries did not come to celebrate. The king of Xia had no internal politics, constant foreign invasion, increasingly acute class contradictions, and the people were in dire straits. But Xia Jie did not want to make progress, extravagant and licentious. According to the Bamboo Annals, he "built Qing palace, decorated Yaotai, made qiongshi and established Yumen.". He also searched for beautiful women from all over the country and hid them in the harem. He drank and had fun day and night with Yu Xi and his maids. It is said that the wine pool is so large that it can be used for sailing. Drunken drowning often happens. Absurd things often make you laugh. Taishi made Zhonggu see xiajie's extravagance, so he went to the palace to cry and admonish xiajie, saying: "since ancient times, emperors have been diligent and thrifty, so they can be loved by the people. People's blood and sweat can not be provided for one person's entertainment. Such luxury, only subjugation Xia Jie was very impatient and scolded Zhonggu for meddling in his business. Zhonggu knew that Xia Jie was hopeless and knew that Xia must perish, so he went to Shangtang. Guan longfu, the minister, admonished Xia Jie several times, but he didn't listen to him. Guan longfu said: "the emperor is modest and faithful, thrifty and protecting talents. Only in this way can the world be stable and the royal court be stable. Now your majesty is extravagant and murderous The people hope that he will perish as soon as possible. His majesty has lost his heart. Only by correcting his mistakes quickly can his heart be restored. " After hearing this, Xia Jie was very angry and ordered Guan longfu to be killed. In this way, the government of Xia dynasty became more corrupt, and Xia Jie lost his heart day by day, and all his relatives betrayed him. In his later years, Jie became more licentious and ordered to build a large pool, called "night Palace". He took a large group of men and women together in the pool and did not go to court for a month. It was in this way that Xia Jie pushed the Xia Dynasty to the end.

The days are numbered

Xia Jie used treacherous officials and excluded virtuous officials. He made use of a villain named Zhao Liang, who devoted himself to Jie's favor and taught him how to enjoy himself, blackmail and kill the common people. In the seventeen years after Xia Jie succeeded to the throne, someone introduced Yi Yin to Xia Jie. Yi Yin tried to persuade him with the benevolent policies of Yao and Shun, hoping that he would understand the sufferings of the common people and govern the world with his heart. If Jie could not listen, Yi Yin had to leave. Before he left, Jie told Yi Yin with pride: "the relationship between the people and me is the relationship between the sun and the moon. If the moon does not die, will the sun die? " After Yi Yin left, he told Cheng Tang this sentence. Cheng Tang also told Xia min this sentence to test Xia min's attitude towards Jie. Unexpectedly, Xia min pointed to the sun and cursed Jie maliciously: "if the sun ever dies, I, the moon, will die with you! (when the days are lost, give and die together! " This is the origin of the idiom "when the sun dies", which expresses a kind of hate psychology that is willing to die with the hater.

Cheng Tang cutting Jie

At that time, Xia Jie's political tyranny and life were promiscuous, while Kunwu, one of the princes, made trouble again. Tang then took command of the princes, Yi Yin vowed to follow. Shang Tang leaped and galloped, waving weapons and axes to attack Kunwu, and then attacked Xia Jie. Tang said confidently and passionately, "come here, everyone. Listen to me carefully. It's not that I'm bold and reckless. I'm just responsible for the crimes of the Xia Dynasty! Everyone also said that the Xia Dynasty was guilty. I was afraid of the majesty of heaven, so I had to attack Xia Jie. Nowadays, there are many evils in the Xia Dynasty. God ordered me to destroy him. All of you here may complain: "our kings have no pity on us. They abandoned our farming and let us attack the Xia Dynasty. And you all say, "he is guilty. What are his sins?" Listen to me, Xia Jie wantonly used up all the people's labor and endlessly consumed the national strength of the Xia Dynasty, so the people were slack and didn't cooperate with him. The common people all over the world said, "Xia Jie, when will your damned sun die? We are all willing to die with you. " Xia Jie is so bad, I will go to attack him. If you help me to do the will of heaven, I will greatly reward you. Please don't doubt that I won't tell lies. If you do not obey my vows to bind you, then I will kill you and there will be no forgiveness. " At the end of the warning, the official in charge of the document was ordered to write down, which is the Tang oath. Tang thought he was very brave, so he was called King Wu. Xia Jie lost the battle in the old area of Youhe and fled to mingtiao (now Fengqiu east of Henan Province). Xia's army was completely defeated and exiled to Nanchao. Finally, Jie died in Tingshan. Tang then attacked the state of San Peng and took the precious jade from his land. Tang's ministers, Yibo and Zhongbo, wrote Dianbao. After defeating Xia Jie, Tang wanted to move Xia's Shrine, but failed to do so. He wrote Xia she (now lost). After Yiyin's complete victory, he issued a series of benevolent measures. All the princes were subordinated to Shangtang, and Tang ascended the throne of emperor and pacified the whole country.

Character evaluation

General comments

Xia Jie was perverse in politics. He was close to villain but far from gentleman. He was headstrong and listened to slander. The upright and incorruptible are either killed or left. Xia Jie had betrayed his relatives for ten years.

Historical evaluation

Mozi, written by Mo Zhai, said: "the tyrant King Jie, Zhou, you and Li, who was also evil to the common people in the world, led him to denounce the heaven for insulting ghosts. There were many thieves, so he lost his country because of the natural disaster. He died in the world, and his descendants have been destroying it ever since." Sima Qian's historical records: ① "Jie did not do moral work, but Wu hurt the common people, and the common people could not bear it." (2) Xia Jie's obscene arrogance is the way to let off his voice In Liu Xiang's biography of women, he said, "since Jie abandoned propriety and righteousness, he indulged in women's lust and sought for beautiful women. He accumulated them in the harem, and gathered those who advocated excellence, dwarfs and amateurs and were able to play marvelous dramas. To make a happy life, we can drink wine day and night with the end of happiness and the palace maids, and there is no rest time. Put the end on your knees and listen to it. Confused and disordered, arrogant and extravagant. For the sake of the wine pool, we can transport boats. If we are drunk and drown the dead, we will be happy to laugh. " In Sima Zhen's Shi Ji Suoyin, he said, "if you hear that, you will not be ordered in the end." Wei Shou's "Wei Shu · volume 64 · biography No. 52": "Xia Jie's promiscuity, Nan Chao's killing.".

Main achievements

social system

In Xia Jie period, the whole society was divided into three classes: slave owner class, slave class and common class. Most of the slave owners were transformed from aristocrats and tribal leaders at the end of patriarchal clan society. they seized a lot of wealth in the exchange, expanded power in the war, and finally turned into a class of slave owners who possessed all the means of production and the producers themselves, and became the rulers of society. The "slave owners" in ancient literature refers to this class. They indulged in drinking, hunting, singing and dancing all day long, regardless of the slaves. if the slaves were transformed from the captives in the plunder war between the clans and tribes, some of them were slaves of the poor members of the clan commune. In the Xia Dynasty, there were many kinds of slaves. Those engaged in agricultural production were called "Min", "Limin", "Zhongren", "Zhongzhong"; those engaged in animal husbandry were called "Mushi" or "Liyao"; the slaves in the slave owners' homes were called "minister" (male) and "Concubine" (female). In the eyes of slave owners, slaves are just "talking tools". Slaves were driven to the farmland in batches by slave owners to farm, graze, and engage in all kinds of heavy manual labor. The slave owners can put the slaves in prison at will and kill them with heavy punishment.

Historical records

Shiji · Volume II · xiabenji II Shiji · Volume III · yinbenji III

Anecdotes and allusions

He likes to die in summer

First, the spy said. According to the records of Guoyu, He Xi conspired with Yi Yin, the Minister of Shang Dynasty, which led to the destruction of Xia Dynasty. M ò x ǐ, a spy sent by Shi to Xia Dynasty, is likely to become a character like Xi Shi. the second way to say it is to take revenge for being out of favor. According to the Bamboo Annals, Xia Jie attacked Minshan. Following the example of Shi, the Minshan family offered two beauties, one named Wan and the other named Yan. Xia Jie loved the two girls very much. Although they had no children, Xia Jie still engraved the word "Wan" on TIAOYU and the word "Yan" on Huayu to show his love. He was left out in the cold and was placed in Luoshui. He was resentful, so he kept secret with Yiyin and revealed the secrets of the Xia Dynasty. Xia Jie only cares about the beauty in front of him and forgets his lover in the past. Therefore, Zhen Xi and Yi Yin cooperate inside and outside, and the Xia Dynasty perishes.

The origin of posthumous title

"Shang Shu · Shang Shu · Zhong Hui Zhi Gao" says, "Cheng Tang put Jie in Nan Chao." "Huainanzi · Xiuwu": Tang "the whole soldiers sing, trapped in the nest of the south of summer, Qiao to its over, put the calendar mountain." "Jie died in Tingshan" in Xunzi Jiebi From the above literature, we can see that after the spring and Autumn period, "Xia" and "Jie" often refer to the same person: Xia Jie. But "Jie" is only a posthumous title. The last king of Xia Dynasty was named dilugui, who was called "Jie" after his death. Why is dilugui called "Jie" after his death? "Jie" in Kangxi dictionary says: "Jiyun: julieche Zhe also The ancients called it a cunning person,

Chinese PinYin : Xia Jie