Mengo

Mengo

Mengge (January 10, 1209 - August 11, 1259), the emperor of Yuan Xianzong, was the Great Khan of Mongolia. He was in power from July 1, 1251 to August 11, 1259, and was known as mengge Khan in history. He is the grandson of Genghis Khan and the eldest son of Tuolei. Mother ruhoteni.

Before he ascended the throne, he took part in the western expedition of the eldest son of Batu commander, captured eight Chiman, the leader of qincha, and attacked guros and other places. After he ascended the throne, he mainly devoted himself to attacking and destroying the Southern Song Dynasty, Dali and other countries, and sent xuliewu to the West Asia.

In 1259, he died when he attacked Yuyu mountain in Hechuan, Sichuan Province. In October of the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), the Taimiao temple was built, with the title of Shizun temple. Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, named mengge Temple Xianzong, with the title of emperor huansu.

Life experience

Early experience

Borzijin Mengo was born in Mobei grassland on January 10, 1209 (December 3, the third year of emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty). He is the eldest son of Tuolei, the youngest son of Genghis Khan. Tuolei's wife abets ruheteni to give birth to his eldest son (Kublai Khan is his second son, xuliewu is his third son, alibugo is his fourth son). "Mengge" means forever in Mongolian.

Before Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he took mengge as his adopted son and asked empress anghui to raise him. When he grew up, he married Huo Li Chai, a woman from Huo Lula tribe, as his concubine, and gave her to other tribes.

After the death of Tuolei in September of 1232, he was asked to go back to inherit the fiefdom of Tuolei. Mengge followed wokuotai many times to participate in the expedition and made great achievements. Mengo was silent, not extravagant and fond of hunting.

In 1235, mengge took part in the second western expedition of Mongolia, and fought with Badu and Guiyou in Europe, such as briar, qincha and oulos. He captured eight Chiman, the leader of qincha, near the Caspian Sea.

Strive for the throne

In the third month of the lunar calendar in 1248, after Guiyou died, Empress Wu Lihai lost her imperial title. Because of the early discord between Guiyou and Badu, Badu refused to go to mourning. In order to fight against the wokuotai family, Badu sent envoys as Changzhi zongwang to invite zongwang and ministers to hold a hulitai meeting at his residence in Central Asia grassland to discuss the election of new Khan. Most of the suzeraints of wokuotai and Chagatai families refused to go to the meeting. The empress of Guiyou, who was lost in the sea, only sent the minister Ba LA as a representative. Ruheteni ordered his eldest son, mengge, to lead his younger brothers and family officials.

In 1250, hulitai Congress was held in Badu of Central Asia. Badu strongly praised mengge for his outstanding ability and great achievements in the western expedition, and pointed out that Guiyou's establishment violated wokuotai's death order (wokuotai's death order lost liemen's accession to the throne), and wokuotai's descendants were not qualified to inherit the throne. The Congress approved Badu's proposal and elected mengge as Khan. Wokuotai and Chagatai refused to admit it. They instigated ruheteni and mengge to invite all the kings to hold a hulitai meeting on the banks of the Gunan river. Badu sent his younger brother bieerge to accompany mengge to the Gunan river. However, many kings of wokuotai and Chagatai still refused to answer the call, which delayed the meeting for a long time.

Because mengge's mother instigated ruhoteni's high prestige and was good at winning over the suzerain, most of the suzerain ministers finally came.

In the sixth month of the 1251 lunar calendar, the hulitai meeting was held on the banks of the Gunan River in the Mongolian grassland. On July 1, 1251, mengge became the emperor of great Mongolia. On the day of mengge's accession to the throne, ruhoteni was appointed empress dowager. After that, in order to consolidate Khan's position, ruheteni was instigated to suppress the opponents mercilessly, and personally ordered the death of the empress of yuandingzongguiyou, who was lost in the sea.

From then on, the inheritance of Khan's position was transferred from wokuotai family to Tuolei family. The internal division of the royal family laid the foundation for the complete division of the great Mongolia.

arouse one 's all efforts to make the country prosperous

On July 1, 1251, after mengge ascended the throne, the kings of the wokuotai clan refused to admit it. Later, he led the army to suppress it, and took Kublai Khan as his younger brother to lead the military and political affairs of Monan Han.

When he was in power, two Weiwuer people were killed because of their involvement with the wokuotai family, one named Zhenhai and the other named salundi. Because he was accused of preparing to massacre the Hui people in bishili on Friday, he was later sent to Hara and Lin for execution.

In 1258, the Cui regime of Koryo crossed Taiwan, and the king of Koryo surrendered to greater Mongolia. The two sides reached a peace agreement. Koryo became a vassal state of great Mongolia, but retained the original government system and traditional culture of Koryo.

Destroy Dali

In June 1252, he ordered his younger brother Kublai Khan to go to Dali. In July, Kublai Khan led his army to set out. In August 1253, Kublai Khan led his troops from Shaanxi to attack Dali, which is now located in Yunnan and other places.

On January 2, 1254, Kublai Khan conquered Dali City, King Duan Xingzhi surrendered, Dali was destroyed, and Yunnan Guizhou Plateau was incorporated into the territory of great Mongolia.

In 1256, Duan Xingzhi went to the palace of Helin in Mobei to meet mengge, who appointed him as the general manager of Dali.

From Kublai Khan's extermination of Dali in 1254 to Liang Wang's suicide in 1382, Duan Shi, the general manager of Dali, was defeated and surrendered to the Ming army. The Yuan dynasty ruled Yunnan for 128 years.

Expedition to West Asia

In June 1253, mengge ordered his younger brother Xu liewu to lead his army to the West. The Western expeditionary forces of xuliewu started from the grassland of Mobei. After crossing the Amu Darya River in 1256, they defeated the Ruhr regime in the south of Persia. In 1256, they defeated the mulayi state (asahin faction) in the west of Persia. In 1258, they destroyed the Abbas Dynasty in Baghdad. On March 1, 1260, they destroyed the ayyub Dynasty in Syria and occupied most of Asia Minor.

After the capture of Syria, Xu liewu's western expeditionary troops arrived in today's Palestinian area on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and were about to fight against the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt. At this time, Xu liewu received the news that the supreme ruler of the Empire, Mengo, had died in Sichuan brought by the envoys, so he only sent vanguard troops with less than 10000 troops to stay in Syria, and led his troops to return to the East.

On September 3, 1260, the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt took advantage of the fact that Xu liewu's attack led the main force to return to the East and occupied Syria. Xu liewu was extremely angry and wanted to lead the army to continue the western expedition. However, at this time, a war broke out between Xu liewu and belgor Khan of the chincha Khanate for fighting for Azerbaijan, so he had to end the western expedition.

On his way back to the East, xuliewu got the news that Kublai Khan and alibugo were fighting for the throne, so he stayed in West Asia and announced his support for Kublai Khan. Later, Kublai Khan named him "Yierhan", and the Yierhan state in West Asia was established.

Attacking the Southern Song Dynasty

In 1258, mengge, his brother Kublai Khan and general Wu Liang attacked the Southern Song Dynasty in three ways. In July of the 1258 lunar calendar, mengge personally led the main force to attack Sichuan, conquering most areas of northern Sichuan. At the beginning of 1259, the offensive under the fishing city of Hezhou (now Hechuan District of Chongqing) was blocked and could not be conquered for several months. On August 11, 1259, mengge died of illness in the fishing city of Hezhou. He was seriously injured and died at the age of 50.

Mengge died suddenly, even so hastily that he did not leave an edict to confirm his successor before he died, which led to the civil war between Kublai Khan and alibugo for five years.

Under normal circumstances, a monarch without a prince will leave an imperial edict to determine his successor when he knows that he may not be able to do so. For example, the first emperor of Qin is like this. If mengge is suffering from an emergency or is seriously injured, he will have enough time to issue an imperial edict, and he will never fail to establish his successor before he dies. Therefore, mengge was killed directly or accidentally by the song army flying arrow It has great flexibility. It is said that he left a last word before he died. If he conquered the fishing city in the future, he would kill all the army and the people. (there is no record in the yuan history, the new yuan history and the history collection, so it should be a rumor of unofficial history. Mengge's death in these three historical books has nothing to do with the fishing city.). However, when the fishing City surrendered in 1279, Kublai Khan pardoned all the soldiers and civilians.

Although mengge failed to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty and unify the world before his death, his death had a great impact on the world pattern at that time. Mengge's death led to the termination of xuliewu's third Mongolian Western Expedition. Moreover, after mengge's death, the dispute between his younger brother Kublai Khan and alibugo for succession broke out, which eventually led to the division of the great Mongolia (Mongolian Empire).

On August 11, 1259, Mengo died of illness.

In October 1266, the Taimiao temple was built, with the title of Shizun. Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, pursued the title of mengge temple as Xianzong, with the title of emperor huansu.

In November 1271, Kublai changed the name of the country "great Mongolia" to "Great Yuan".

Historical evaluation

Hao Jing, an important Minister of the Yuan Dynasty, commented on mengge of Yuan Xianzong in his letter lizhengyi to Kublai Khan in the eighth lunar month of the first year of Zhongtong (1260): "the first emperor who first practiced the throne thought that he was the leader of governing, and he was not born. Even if he ordered Jiu Kuo Fu Xi, supervised the postal transmission, sent envoys to investigate the corvee Fu, he was willing to govern the people and officials. I'm sorry that his appointment was especially harmful to the people the day before yesterday. The old abuses have not gone away, and the new ones have come back to life. It's a nuisance, and it's more and more beneficial, and it's even more difficult to cure them. "

Song Lian, who revised the history of the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, commented: "the emperor is just and resolute, deep and decisive, and has no pleasure in swallowing, and is not good at extravagance. At the beginning of the reign of Taizong, the officials were good at power. If there is an imperial edict, the emperor will draft it himself. It is easier to count the four and then carry it out. The imperial officials were very strict. They tasted the Edict and said, "if you are awarded the edict by me, you will be proud of your ambition, proud of your ambition, and no disaster will follow? Er Dai

Chinese PinYin : Meng Ge