Emperor Wen of Wei

Cao Pi

Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty

(187-226, June 29), Zi Huan, born in peiguo county (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province). Statesman and writer of the Three Kingdoms period, the founding emperor of Cao Wei (220-226). The second son of Cao Cao, Emperor Wu of Wei Dynasty, whose mother is Mrs. Bian, Empress Wu Xuan.

He had a good command of both literature and martial arts. He was well versed in the theories of various schools of thought. He was a general of five senses. In 217, he became the son of Wei. In the 25th year of Jian'an (220), he succeeded the prime minister and the king of Wei. In the same year, he ascended the throne, ended the rule of Han Dynasty for more than 400 years, and established the state of Wei. During his reign, he adopted the opinions of Chen Qun, the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, formulated and implemented the nine grades system, which became the main official selection system in the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, pacified the separatist forces in Qingzhou and Xuzhou, and finally completed the unification of the northern region. To pacify the border areas, to repel Xianbei, to repair with Xiongnu, Di, Qiang and other foreigners, and to restore the establishment in the western regions.

In 226, Cao Pi died of illness in Luoyang at the age of 40. His posthumous title was Wen and his temple title was Shizu. He was buried in Shouyang mausoleum. Cao Pi had made great achievements in poetry, Fu and literature. He was good at five character poetry. Together with his father Cao Cao and younger brother Cao Zhi, he was also known as "three CAOS of Jian'an". Now he has two volumes of collection of Emperor Wen of Wei. He is the first systematic monograph on literary criticism in the history of Chinese literature.

Life of the characters

Early experience

In the winter of 187, Cao Pi was born in Qiao County (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province). It is said that when Cao Pi was born, blue clouds appeared in the sky, and the shape was like a car cover. People who saw the auspicious clouds all day long thought that Cao Pi would not be an official in the future. He has been gifted and intelligent since childhood, and the good education and growth environment has given him profound literary literacy. When he was young and growing up, he studied extensively. Under the strict supervision of Cao Cao, he read poems and theories from childhood to adulthood. When he grew up, he studied the five classics and four books, the history of Han Dynasty and the words of various schools of thought, which laid a solid foundation for future literary creation.

In the third year of Chuping (192), Cao Cao thought that the war was in chaos and taught Cao Pi archery. At the age of six, Cao Pi learned archery. At the age of eight, Cao Pi learned to ride a horse. From the age of ten, Cao Pi fought with his father in the north and south. His long military life not only strengthened his physique, but also enriched his knowledge and accumulated a lot of material for his poetry creation. With the continuous growth of his age and experience, the spiritual impact of hard living environment has gradually formed his unique depressed temperament. In the second year of Jian'an (197), Cao Pi followed Cao Cao in the southern expedition to Zhang Xiu. Cao ang, the eldest son of Cao Cao, and Cao Anmin, his nephew, were killed. Cao Pi, who was only ten years old, escaped by horse.

In 208, Cao Pi was recommended by situ Zhao Wen. Cao Cao thought that Zhao Wen did not recommend his son because of his real talent. He sent Guanglu Xun to hold a solemn and upright position. In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Cao Pi was appointed general Lang and Deputy Prime Minister.

In the 17th year of Jian'an (212), Cao Cao went to the South and Sun Quan's army was stationed in Quli (now Fancheng Town, Linying County, Henan Province). The book of history ordered Xun Yu to work in the army. He once discussed archery with Cao Pi. In the 18th year of Jian'an (213), Cao Cao, Cao Pi and others returned to Bozhou to go to the grave and worship their ancestors. After that, Cao Pi and others traveled by horse, passed the east garden, followed the vortex River, passed through the high forest, and wrote Linwo Fu.

The dispute over heirs

Among the twenty-five descendants of Cao Cao, there are four candidates in his vision: Cao ang, Cao Chong, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. There are at least two candidates who can be the best crown prince, Cao ang, the son of Mrs. Liu, and Cao Chong, the son of Mrs. Huan. Cao Pi was Cao Cao's second son. After Cao Ang's death, Cao Cao intended to pass on the throne to his brother Cao Chong. Cao Chong is a child prodigy. When he was five or six years old, his intelligence was "like an adult". In addition, he is kind-hearted and loves others. He often tries to get rid of mistakes carelessly. "Those who rely on forgiveness are tens of years old.". For this reason, Cao Chong was deeply loved by Cao Cao, but Cao Chong fell ill and died at the age of 13. After his death, Cao Cao once said to Cao Pi, "the death of Cao Chong is my misfortune, but it is your great fortune." Cao Pi later often said to people: "if Cao Chong is still alive, there will be no crown prince for me." After the death of Cao Chong, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi were the only two candidates who had substantial competition for the candidate. Soon, Cao Pi and his mother and brother, Cao Zhi, were popular with Cao Cao. So there was a dispute between Cao Pi and Cao Zhi.

Cao Cao's long-term hesitation in establishing an heir inevitably affected his subordinates. As time went on, two groups of subordinates gradually formed to support Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. Cao Pi was supported by Jia Xu, Cui Yan, Sima Yi, Chen Qun, Huan Jie, Xing Yi, Wu Zhi, and Cao Zhi by Ding Yi, Ding GUI, Yang Xiu, Kong GUI, Yang Jun, Jia Kui, and Handan Chun. They formed a clique of their own, designed and made public opinions, intrigued each other and fought against each other. Yang Xiu, who supported Cao Zhi, was born in the famous "Hongnong Yang family" of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was a wise and resourceful scholar. As Cao Cao's master, he had very good news, which was very beneficial to Cao Zhi. Under his advice, Cao Zhi gradually gained the advantage in this battle, and had several chances to become the crown prince. However, because of his willful behavior, Cao Zhi did not pay attention to self-control at ordinary times, and he was drunk and broke into Sima's gate without permission, which was displeased by Cao Cao.

In 217, with the help of Sima Yi, Wu Zhi and other ministers, Cao Pi defeated Cao Zhi in the fight for the right of inheritance and was established as the son of the king of Wei. In the 24th year of Jian'an (219), Cao Pi was stationed in Yecheng (now Linzhang County, Hebei Province) as the crown prince. Wei Xi conspired to attack ye, and Chen Yi, his accomplice, surrendered himself. Cao Pi led the people to calm down the rebellion and kill Wei Xi. During the period when Cao Pi was the prince of Wei Dynasty, he actively organized literary groups and participated in encouraging literary creation, which led to the rise of similar poetry and fu works and became the unique atmosphere for the development of Jian'an literature.

To usurp the Han Dynasty as Emperor

In the first month of the first year of Yankang (220), Cao Cao died in Luoyang. Cao Pi succeeded to the prime minister and king of Wei from Yecheng to Luoyang, and changed the 25th year of Jian'an to the first year of Yankang. Cao Pi, who had just ascended a high position and wielded great power, was psychologically excited and satisfied with the sudden transfer of power. In the face of the country taken over from Naifu, he deeply felt that it would be a heavy and long-term responsibility for him to accomplish Naifu's will of rejuvenating national strength and realizing reunification.

Cao Pi drew a lesson from the history of the disorder of discipline in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, quickly concentrated power in his hands and stabilized the political situation. He knew that only by strengthening his centralization of power could he consolidate the importance of his throne of power. From the beginning, he started from the internal power balance and made a quick response. He rallied and fostered his own political forces, redistributed his share in the power cake, and at the same time attacked and eliminated the alien forces. In February, Jia Xu was appointed as Taiwei, Hua Xin as prime minister, and Wang Lang as imperial censor. Already Mao, appointed Xia Houdun as the general. Chen Chen, Fu Yu Shan Yu, Yan Qi and king of Khotan all sent envoys to offer. In May, Zheng Gan and Wang Zhao, the surrendering mountain bandits, were canonized as Marquis, and Su Ze was ordered to pacify the rebellion of Wuwei, Jiuquan and Zhangye. In July, Sun Quan sent envoys to dedicate. In the same month, he ordered xiahoushang, xuhuang and Mengda, the general of Shu, to cooperate with each other in order to recover Shangyong. Wudu Di Wang Yang servant rate people attached, living in Hanyang county. Jiawu, with troops stationed in Qiao, in the east of the city to drink and comfort the six army and Qiao County father.

The political situation of the Han family had been in disorder since the rebellion of Dong Zhuo. After Cao Cao moved Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to Xuchang, the orders of "taking the emperor to order the princes" all came from Cao family. In terms of imperial power, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty has become a puppet. Although Cao Cao fought in all directions, he was in the position of a minister among various separatist forces.

On the first day of October in the first year of Yankang (November 13, 220, guimao day), Cao Pi, king of Wei, issued an imperial edict to pay homage to the dead soldiers. On the 13th (November 25th, Yimao day), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty formally abdicated to the throne, and Cao Pi wrote his resignation three times. On the 29th (December 11, Xinwei day), Cao bideng was called emperor by Zen platform, changed Yuan Dynasty to Huangchu, changed Luoyang to Luoyang, and granted amnesty to the whole world. On the first day of November in the first year of Huangchu (December 13, 220, Guiyou day), ten thousand households in shanyangyi, Hanoi prefecture (now Juye County, Heze City, Shandong Province), worshipped the Han emperor as shanyanggong.

Seven years in power

In the first year of Huangchu (220), Cao Pi stepped on the stage of history as an emperor and began his seven-year ruling career. During the period of being in power, Cao Pi wanted to achieve the benevolent monarchy of Confucianism. Cao Pi inherited his father Cao Cao's ambition of unifying the mountains and rivers. In terms of the concept of governing the country, it pursues to follow the example of benevolent monarchs and virtuous ministers in ancient times. While consolidating his power, he centralized his power, controlled the law, cut off the vassal, attacked the dissidents, and banned the eunuchs from interfering in politics. He lived with the people's livelihood, benefited the people and revived Confucianism. It aims to educate the people, restore the order of social life, and promote the development of social economy and culture. In February of the third year of Huangchu (222), the kings of Shanshan, kuci and Khotan sent envoys to offer their services. After the restoration of the western regions, Wuji was set as a school captain. In March, Cao Rui, the eldest son of the emperor, was made king of the plain, while Cao Zhang, the younger brother, and other eleven were all kings. In April, Cao Zhi was appointed king of juancheng. In September, Queen Guo was made queen.

Cao Pi had always advocated expeditionary expedition and was eager to realize his ambition of unifying mountains and rivers as soon as possible. He actively stormed the battlefield and twice launched an army against Wu. In 221, Sun Quan of the state of Wu attacked and killed Guan Yu and collected the land of Jingxiang. He was afraid that Liu Bei would retaliate. He pretended to repair Fengzhang with an envoy of Cao Pi of the Wei Dynasty and sent him back to the forbidden area. " Cao Pi sent "Taichang" Xing Zhenzhi

Chinese PinYin : Wei Wen Di