Zhang Lu

Zhang Lu

Zhang Lu (?)? In 216 and 245, it was named Gongqi. His ancestral home is peiguo Fengxian (now Fengxian, Jiangsu Province). It is said that the warlords in Hanzhong in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty were the tenth grandson of Zhang Liang, the Marquis of the Western Han Dynasty, and the grandson of Zhang Ling, the founder of Taoism.

Zhang Lu was the third generation of Heavenly Master of wudoumi Dao. In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he successively attacked and killed Su Gu, the governor of Hanzhong, and Zhang Xiu, the commander of other divisions, and then took charge of Hanzhong. He spread wudoumi Dao and called himself "Shijun". He occupied Hanzhong for nearly 30 years, then surrendered to Cao Cao, paid homage to Zhennan general, granted Langzhong Marquis, and ate ten thousand households. In the 21th year of Jian'an (216), Zhang Lu died, and his posthumous title was yuan.

In 1308, the first year of emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty, he was granted the title of "Zhengyi Shi Taiqing Zhaohua Guangde Zhenjun". Some people think that Zhang Lu is the author of Lao Zi Xiang Er Zhu.

Life of the characters

Dominating Hanzhong

Zhang Lu, the grandson of Zhang Ling, is a teacher of wudoumi Taoism. After the death of Zhang Ling, Zhang Lu's father Zhang Heng continued his way. After Zhang Heng died, Zhang Lu became the leader. His mother is good at health, has little tolerance, and carries ghosts, and travels to Liu Yan's family in Yizhou. Zhang Lu gained trust through his mother's relationship with Liu Yan's family.

In the second year of Chuping (191), Liu Yan appointed Zhang Lu as the commander-in-chief of yisima, and together with other Sima Zhang Xiu, he led the troops to attack Su Gu, the supreme governor of Hanzhong. After Zhang Xiu killed Su Gu, Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu again and captured his soldiers. He cut off xiegu road and killed the envoys of the imperial court under the instruction of Liu Yan.

In the first year of Xingping (194), Liu Yan died and his son Liu Zhang was appointed. Liu Zhang killed Zhang Lu's mother and her family because Zhang Lu didn't obey him. He also sent his general Pang Xi and others to attack Zhang Lu, which was broken by Zhang Lu many times. Most of Zhang Lu's works were in Badi, so Liu Zhang took pangxi as the prefect of Bajun. Zhang Lu attacked Bajun. Therefore, it was separated from Hanzhong and enlightened the people with wudoumi Dao, thus establishing a political and religious regime.

According to historical records, Zhang Lu inherited Zhang's teaching method in Hanzhong and "embellished it". He calls himself "Shijun". Those who came to learn Taoism were called "ghost soldiers" at the beginning, and those who had been believed in Taoism were called "sacrificial wine" and led many people; those who led many people were called "zhitou sacrificial wine". Instead of setting up long officials, local government affairs were managed with sacrificial offerings. They should inherit the teachings of their ancestors, teach the people to be honest and not cheat, and make the patients turn themselves in; forgive the offenders three times, and punish them if they commit again; if they commit minor faults, they should build roads to atone for them. According to the order of the moon, killing and drinking are forbidden when all things grow in spring and summer. He also founded the Yishe, put Yimi meat in it, and offered it to passers-by for free. He claimed that if he obtained too much, he would offend ghosts and gods and get sick.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, many heroes rose up. Han Sui and Ma Chao fought against Cao. Many people fled to the relatively stable area of Hanzhong. For example, tens of thousands of guanxi people fled to Hanzhong from Ziwu valley.

Zhang Lu also got the support of Du Hong, Pu Hu and Yuan Yue, the leaders of the Bayi minority. He took the policy of leniency to rule Hanzhong, "the people will be happy.". "Those who have been transferred to other places dare not refuse to serve.". Wudoumishao expanded its influence with the power of the regime. If a believer of wudoumi Taoism enters the Taoism, he only needs to pay wudoumi. Zhang Lu had been in Hanzhong for more than 20 years and had many believers. He became a powerful separatist force in the late Han Dynasty.

Cao jiangcao moved to the North

At that time, the Eastern Han regime controlled by Cao Cao had no time to take Hanzhong into consideration, so Zhang Lu was worshipped as Zhonglang General of the town (a Zhenyi Zhonglang general) and led the governor of Hanning county. Zhang Lu ruled Ba and Han for nearly 30 years.

Later, someone found the jade seal underground, and everyone wanted to respect Zhang Lu as the king of Hanning. Yan Pu, the hero of Zhang Lu, admonished: "the people of Hanchuan have a household registration of over 100000, a lot of wealth, fertile land and dangerous terrain on all sides. If they can help the emperor, they will become Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin, and at worst, Dou Rong and other people, so they will not lose their wealth. At present, the establishment of an official office is powerful enough to decide affairs, so there is no need to be king. I hope you won't be king for the time being, and don't bring disaster first. " Zhang Lu followed Yan Pu's advice.

In 215, Cao Cao led a hundred thousand troops to the west of Hanzhong and arrived at Yangpingguan. Zhang Lu wanted to surrender to Cao Cao. But Zhang Lu's younger brother Zhang Wei did not listen and led tens of thousands of people to stick to Yangping pass, which was broken by Cao Cao. Zhang Lu wants to kowtow after hearing the news. Yan Pu also offered his advice and said, "if you are forced to meet now, you will not get the important position of Cao Gong. It's better to go to puhu first to resist, and then to salute him. Only in this way can you get the important position of Cao Gong." Zhang Lu led his troops to Bazhong. Before leaving, the people around wanted to burn all the treasures in the warehouse. Zhang Lu said, "I have the will to submit to the imperial court, but I haven't been able to do so. Today we leave, just to avoid the edge, with no other intention. The treasure warehouse shall be owned by the state. " So he hid all the treasures properly before leaving.

After Cao Cao arrived in Nanzheng, he praised Zhang Lu's behavior deeply, and because Zhang Lu had a sense of submission, he sent people to express his sympathy. Zhang Lu and his family met with Cao Cao. Taizu appointed him general of Zhennan, treated him with courtesy, and made Zhang Lu Marquis of Langzhong (a "Marquis of Xiangping") with 10000 households. Cao Cao took him and his family back to Yecheng. Zhang Lu's five sons, Yan Pu and others were appointed marquis. He married Zhang Lu's daughter for his son Cao Yu. Later Taoists called Zhang Lu "Zhang Zhennan".

Death

In the 21th year of Jian'an (216), Zhang Lu died, posthumously named YuanHou, and was buried in the east of Yecheng (now Linzhang, Hebei). There are also records of his death in 245. Zhang Lu was born again in 259 and died laughing.

Personal influence

After Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao, a large number of disciples moved to the north. According to the biography of Zhang Ji in the annals of the Three Kingdoms, after Zhang Lu's surrender, "Taizu pulled out tens of thousands of Han people to realize Chang'an and Sanfu." After Zhang Lu and a large number of Hanzhong missionaries moved north to Sanfu (Chang'an, Luoyang, Yecheng), they used the opportunity of the Cao Wei regime to treat Zhang Lu family leniently and spread wudoumi Dao to the lower and upper classes. Through the Cao Wei, Western Jin and Eastern Jin Dynasties, wudoumi Dao made great progress, and its influence extended to the north and Central Plains.

Posterity pursues the title

At the time of emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty, he issued an imperial edict saying: "the greatness of Tao originated from heaven, and it was formed by human beings. It is far away from the Han Heavenly Master. The descendants of bandits are good at succeeding the good, and they are not lazy to benefit greatly. Which one is jidengzi. It is to replace a different person, to rule by Zen, to learn from the teacher's scenery, to practice Zhuoling, to show off in a simple book, to extricate themselves, and to achieve success. It goes without saying, "virtue is not virtue because virtue is not virtue.".

In the first year of the reign of emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1308), Zhang Lu was granted the title of "Zhengyi Shi Taiqing Zhaohua Guangde Zhenjun".

Anecdotes and allusions

Better be a slave to Cao Gong than a guest to Liu Bei

Zhang Lu fled to Bazhong. Liu Bei accepted Huang Quan's advice and took Huang Quan as the guard to lead the troops to meet him. Yan Pu advised Zhang Lu to surrender Cao to the North: "to help achieve great things, Cao Cao should be entrusted; if not, Liu Bei should be attached to the West." Zhang Lu said angrily, "I would rather be a subordinate of Cao Gong than a guest of Liu Bei!" So he surrendered to Cao Cao.

Zhang Lu and《

I want to make a comment

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Laozi xianger annotation is the annotation of Laozi's Daodejing, the classic of wudoumi Taoism in the early Taoist sect. There have always been different opinions about the author. One is that it was written by Zhang Ling, the other is that the author is Zhang Lu, the grandson of Zhang Ling.

One is Zhang Ling's works, such as Tao Te Zhen Jing Shu Wai Zhuan by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, Tao Te Zhen Jing Guang Sheng Yi by Taoist Du Guangting of Five Dynasties and Zheng Zheng Lun by monk Falin of middle Tang Dynasty. All of them believe that Zhang Ling once annotated Tao Te Jing and was the author of Xiang Er Zhu, and most of the books on the way of life follow this theory. Another theory holds that the author of the book is Zhang Lu, the grandson of Zhang Ling. For example, Lu Deming thinks that the author of Xiang Er Zhu may be Zhang Lu or Mu Liu Biao in Jingzhou at the end of Han Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty "orthodox daozang" in the "imparting Jing Jie Yi Zhu Jue" clearly believes that "Xiang Er Zhu" is Zhang Lu Tuo Ming Xiang er. Tao Hongjing's dengzhen yinjue was quoted in volume 9 daoshan volume of Maoshan annals by lie Dabin in Yuan Dynasty. The specific situation of the five thousand texts annotated by Zhang Lu is exactly consistent with the situation of the remnant volume of today's Dunhuang xiangerzhu. Therefore, it can be proved that xiangerzhu was written by Zhang Lu.

Character evaluation

Liu Bei: the thief of Lu's self-defense is not enough to worry about. ② Zhang Lu's hypocrisy doesn't mean he's loyal.

Sun Quan: the rice thief Zhang Lu lived in Ba and Han Dynasties. He was Cao Cao's ear and eye and planned Yizhou.

The stele of Nanzheng City: he is a respected general, with five sons and ten courtiers. He is proud and noble. He was a child and worshipped the king. He ordered to marry the emperor or his concubines.

Chen Shou: the bandits of Yan, Xiu and Lu shequn, who have made great contributions, go to danger and protect zongsi, are more and more serious.

Pei Songzhi: Although Zhang Lu was kind-hearted, he wanted to be defeated and then come down. Now he is in favor of ten thousand families, and his five sons are all Marquises.

Hao Jing: Yan and Xiu are thieves of drama, Lu are thieves of demons, and they are not loyal to the adherents.

Wang Fuzhi: Zhang Lu is a demon, but it's not worthy of his virtue to die. After Yan Pu's advice, he refused to be called the king of Hanning. His wisdom is enough to protect his body. Whoo! Princes in troubled times are inferior to those who keep orders in peaceful times; generals in troubled times are inferior to those who keep orders in peaceful times; they laugh at their shadows, startle themselves in their dreams, sneer at their necks and backs when they are pointed out, and snatch their spirits when they are looked at by ghosts. However, it is foolish to be respected by their superiors and inferiors! What Chen Ying and Zhou Shi did, Zhang Lu Neng did, and Zhang Lu did not do. Lu Guang, Du Fu Wei, Liu Yu, and Ming Yu Zhen respected each other to benefit their pride, and repented when they took the lead in parallel. Death was easy for one day's empty respect and self-esteem. People's stupidity was not so serious.

Lu simian: Although Zhang Lu later ruled Hanzhong separately, he only set up ghost soldiers and so on, closed himself to the outside world and practiced his theocracy, which had nothing to do with the overall situation.

Mao Zedong: there is a Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. He once did not want to pay for a meal. All passers-by have a meal

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