Emperor Xiaowen

Rubbings

Tuoba Hong (October 13, 467 to April 26, 499) is a famous Han Dynasty poet. The seventh emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding politician, reformer and writer in ancient China. The eldest son of emperor Xianwen tuobahong, his mother, Mrs. Li.

Huangxing three years (469), the book Li crown prince. According to the death system of Zi Gui's mother in the Northern Wei Dynasty, when tuobahong became the crown prince, his mother was killed and raised by his grandmother, Empress Dowager Wenming. Tuobahong ascended the throne at the age of five, and his age was extended. His grandmother was civilized. The Empress Dowager came to power, and carried out a series of centralized reforms to the Xianbei imperial court. Empress dowager Feng first rectified the official administration, established the three chief system, implemented the equal field system, and then awarded the salary system, which greatly influenced Emperor Xiaowen. In the fourteenth year of Taihe (490), after Emperor Xiaowen was officially in power, he further carried out the reform. In the 18th year of Taihe (494), in the name of Southern expedition, he moved the capital to Luoyang and comprehensively reformed the old customs of Xianbei. The collection of ancient and modern Han classics stipulates that Xianbei is replaced by Hanfu and Xianbei is replaced by Chinese. Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang took Luoyang as their native place and changed Xianbei surname to Han surname. They encouraged Xianbei nobles to marry with Han gentry, reformed the political system of the Northern Wei Dynasty according to the regulations of the Southern Dynasty, severely suppressed the conservative nobles who opposed the reform, and executed the deposed Prince yuan Xun. A series of actions promoted the economic, cultural, social, political and military development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, known as "Taihe system reform", which effectively alleviated the national estrangement and promoted the progress of civilization and national integration.

In the 23rd year of Taihe reign (499), tuobahong became ill after a long period of hard work in the army. On his deathbed, he still cherished the ambition of "seven temples in Yangon to help the common people". Later, he died in gutangyuan palace. He was only 33 years old. His posthumous Title was Xiaowen and his temple name was Gaozu. He was buried in Changling.

Life of the characters

Juvenile arch

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Tuobahong was born in Zigong, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty (today's Datong City, Shanxi Province), on August 29 of the first year of emperor Xing's reign (lunar August 29, October 13, 467). Her mother, Mrs. Li, is the daughter of Li Hui, a member of the Zhongshan clan.

When tuobahong was not born, Empress Dowager Feng, Xianwen emperor's direct mother, was in court, and Xianwen emperor obeyed his mother's orders. After tuobahong was born, Empress Dowager Feng returned to politics and raised the emperor's eldest son, Hong. In June of 469, the third year of emperor Xing, tuobahong, the eldest son of the emperor, was appointed the crown prince. In the fifth year of Huangxing (471), on the fifth day of August, the emperor received his father's Zen and changed his name to Yanxing. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the death system of son and mother, when tuobahong was made the crown prince, his mother was given death and raised by his grandmother, Empress Dowager Feng.

At the beginning of Emperor Xiaowen's accession to the throne, Emperor tuobahong still dominated the government. At that time, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were many years of floods and droughts, heavy rent and transfer, corrupt officials, exiled people, and continuous resistance and struggle of people of all nationalities. In September of the first year of Yanxing (471), more than 1000 people gathered in Gaoyang, Qingzhou, to call themselves the king of Qi. In October, the Chile people of Woye and Tongwan rebelled against Wei, and Cao Pingyuan, the people of Shuofang, led the troops to attack Shilou fort and kill the general. In November, Sima Xiaojun set up troops in Pingling. From February to march in the second year of Yanxing (472), the eastern Chile and the Lianchuan Chile conspired against each other and went north to Rouran. In July, Sun Yan, the people of Guangzhou, and min Fei, the people of Hexi, gathered together to rebel. In February of the third year of Yanxing (473), the imperial court of the Northern Wei Dynasty issued an imperial edict, stipulating that if a county magistrate could eliminate "robbery" in one county, he would concurrently govern the two counties and enjoy the treatment of the two county magistrates; if he could eliminate "robbery" in the two counties, he would concurrently govern the three counties and be promoted to prefect three years later. The same is true of the officials of the two thousand stones. Three years later, they were promoted to be assassins. During his several years in power, the supreme emperor tuobahong also took some corresponding measures, such as rewarding incorruptible officials, severely punishing corruption, reducing rent and taxes, and persuading farmers and mulberry farmers, but they all had little effect, and the situation had not changed much. According to statistics, from the first year of Emperor Xiaowen's accession to the throne to the fourth year of Taihe (471-480), there were more than 20 riots and rebellions in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the political situation of the Northern Wei Dynasty was in serious turmoil.

In June of the first year of Chengming Dynasty (476), when Tuo bahong was just ten years old, the supreme emperor Tuo bahong died suddenly (it is said that he was poisoned by Empress Dowager Feng). The name of Empress Dowager Feng was changed to Taihe. In the early days of Tuoba Hong's reign, Empress Dowager Feng, her direct grandmother, promulgated Measures in his name. Empress Dowager Feng is resourceful, capable of doing great things, giving rewards and punishments for life and death, and making decisions. She has rich political experience and talent. Since the first year of Taihe (477), she began to carry out a series of major reforms in social customs, politics and economy, consciously carrying out Sinicization. In December of the seventh year of Taihe (483), she ordered the prohibition of "marriage of one family, marriage of the same surname", and reformed the old custom of Xianbei in marriage. In June of the eighth year of Taihe (484), she issued an imperial edict for the salary system. In the ninth year of Taihe (485) and the tenth year of Taihe (486), Empress Dowager Feng personally presided over and promulgated the important equal field system and the three chief system in the name of Tuoba Hong, which brought great changes to the society of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Tuoba Hong, the emperor of Xiaowen, grew up under the care and cultivation of Empress Dowager Feng. He was very filial to his grandmother and cautious. Since the Empress Dowager came to the dictatorship, he seldom took part in the decision of the court. He had to inherit the will of Empress Dowager Feng.

Take charge of the whole affairs

In the fourteenth year of Taihe (490), tuobahong, Emperor Xiaowen, was 23 years old. Under the long-term strict education and direct influence of Empress Dowager Feng, he was not only proficient in Confucian classics and historical biography, but also accumulated rich experience in governing the country and increased practical ability, which laid a solid foundation for the later reform. In September of the same year, Empress Dowager Feng died of illness. Emperor Xiaowen was extremely sad and cried for three days. He cried bitterly and said to his subordinates, "I have been nurtured by the Empress Dowager since I was a child. I have been kind and strict. I have earnestly taught you the feelings of my subordinates and the way of your father." He also said in the imperial edict: "I was an emperor when I was young. I relied on the Empress Dowager to arrest the whole country. My ancestor was only devoted to military strategy, but did not practice culture and education. She also taught me to study the ancient road. When I think of the merits of the empress dowager, how can I not mourn the destruction? Who is not choked and sorrowful From then on, Emperor Xiaowen alone shouldered the burden of reform. In the same year, 24-year-old Tuoba Hong began to be in charge. Emperor Xiaowen inherited the will of the empress dowager, made great use of the Han Scholars, and further carried out the reform in all aspects. He imitated the etiquette of the Han Dynasty, such as Ming Tang, Jiantai temple, Zhengsi ceremony, welcoming the eastern suburbs of spring, pro farming land, offering sacrifices to shun, Yu, Duke Zhou and Confucius, supporting the old and common people, and allowing the officials to observe the funeral for three years.

In November of the 15th year of Taihe (491), he imitated the official system of the Han people, determined the official quality and assessed the officials of the prefectures and counties. In the imperial examination edict, he stipulated: "if the two thousand stone officials are superior in the examination, they will try to be a general of four grades and be given a yellow horse; if they are superior in the examination, they will be appointed a general of five grades; if they are superior in the examination, they will be given a suit of clothes." In the winter of the same year, the Taiyue official was set up to decide on the elegant music and eliminate the sound of Zheng and Wei. Gao Lu, the governor of hit books, discussed the ancient music with the music official and formulated the rhythm according to the six Confucian classics and the music records of various countries. In the first month of the 16th year of Taihe (492), a five grade imperial edict was issued. The imperial edict stipulated that the patriarchal clan was far from the descendants of Taizu Tuoba Li and those who were appointed by different surnames were all demoted to the public. The public was demoted to the Marquis, and the Marquis was demoted to the uncle. The son and the man remained unchanged. Although the name is easy, but the rank of the product is as before, the public is the first product, the Hou second product, the Bo third product, the son fourth product, and the male fifth product. He also ordered the officials to discuss the five elements, and adopted the suggestions of Li Biao, the Secretary of the state, that Jin inherited Cao Wei as Jin De and Northern Wei should inherit Jin as Shui De. In April, new laws and decrees were issued to abolish the cruel practices of car splitting and waist chopping in the early Northern Wei Dynasty, and replace them with three kinds of torture, namely, owl head, beheading and hanging. The five ethnic groups of Yi and the three ethnic groups of Yi were reduced to the same level of torture. The five ethnic groups of Yi were descended to the same ancestor, and the three ethnic groups of Yi were descended to the same level of torture.

Moving south to Luodu

After tuobahong was in charge of the government, Emperor Xiaowen first rectified the administration of officials, promulgated the salary system, established the system of three leaders, and implemented the system of equal land. The most important measure of Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization was to move his capital to Luoyang. The Northern Wei Dynasty lived in Pingcheng for a long time. It was cold to the north of Pingcheng. It was snowy and windy in June. The geographical position to the North was not conducive to the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty over the whole Central Plains. Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In order to ensure the smooth moving of the capital, Emperor Xiaowen made careful arrangements and arrangements: in May of the 17th year of Taihe (493), he summoned hundreds of officials and declared that he would attack the Southern Qi Dynasty on a large scale. He planned to create a fait accompli in moving the capital during the Southern expedition. At the court meeting, tuobacheng, the king of Rencheng, stood up against it. After retiring from the court, he immediately summoned Wang Cheng, held back and discussed with him alone, saying: "this move is really not easy. However, the country has prospered outside the great wall and moved to Pingcheng. This is a place for military use. We can't carry out the rule of culture. It's really difficult to change the customs! I want to move to the Central Plains by taking advantage of the southern expedition. I don't know what Ren Chengwang's idea is? " Tuoba Cheng was reminded and immediately agreed. In June, he immediately ordered to build a river bridge for the army to cross the river, and told Li Chong, the Minister of military affairs, to be in charge of selecting talented and brave people. In July, Tuo Ba Xun, the eldest son of the emperor, was appointed as the crown prince. He issued a proclamation to move the book to Qi State and claimed to invade the south. He issued an edict to recruit civilians and troops in Yang and Xu states. He also made Tuo Ba Yu, the king of Guangling, pacify six towns in the north and dispatch elite cavalry. So far, the preparations are basically ready.

In August of the 17th year of Taihe (493), Emperor Xiaowen paid homage to empress dowager Feng YONGGU's Mausoleum and led a group of officials to March south from Pingcheng. Taiwei Tuo Ba PI and Guangling King Tuo Ba Yu were ordered to stay in Pingcheng. Wang Tuo Ba Gan of Henan Province was taken as the general in charge of the military in the right area of Guanzhong. They guarded Guanzhong together with Sikong Mu Liang, Annan general Lu Yuan and Pingnan general Xue Yin. On the occasion of his departure, Taiwei Tuoba PI

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