Gu Yanwu

Gu Yanwu

Gu Yanwu (July 15, 1613 - February 15, 1682), whose real name is Gu Jiang, was born in Nanjing, and known as Mr. Tinglin. He was born in Kunshan (now Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province) of nanzhili. Wang Fuzhi, Huang Zongxi and Tang Zhen are the four great enlightenment thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. The adherents of Ming Dynasty.

Chongzhen 16 years (1643), became the son of Jiansheng, joined the restoration society. After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, they organized anti Qing activities relying on the Hongguang regime, Wang yongzha, King Zhu Yujian and the poetry society. In the late Qing Dynasty, he refused the imperial court's ruling. He traveled thousands of miles and read thousands of books all his life. He created a new method of academic research and became a great master in the early Qing Dynasty. Gu Yanwu is very knowledgeable. He has studied the national Canon system, the anecdotes of prefectures and cities, astronomical phenomena, river and waterway, soldiers and peasants, the classics and history schools, and phonological exegesis. In his later years, he attached great importance to textual research, which opened the atmosphere of simple learning in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. His academic research is mainly based on "erudition in literature, shame in practice", combining "learning and practice, academic research and world management" as one, and his poems are often sentimental.

Kangxi 21 years (February 15, 1682), died at the age of 70. His works include rizhilu, Tianxia County libing book, Zhaoyu Zhi, Yinxue Wushu, yunbuzheng, Jinshi Wenji, Tinglin Shiji, etc.

Life of the characters

Study in early years

Gu Yanwu was born in Qiandeng Town, Kunshan on May 28, the 41st year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (July 15, 1613). He was Gu Tongying's son and great grandfather, Gu Zhangzhi. Gu's family is a famous family in Jiangdong. Gu Yanwu adopted Gu Tongji, his late cousin, as his heir. His widowed mother was Wang Jian's daughter. She was unmarried and chaste at the age of 16. She weaved during the day, read books at night and took a rest until the second shift. She raised Gu Yanwu as an adult and taught him the loyalty of Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and Fang Xiaoru.

At the age of 14, Gu Yanwu became a close friend with his classmate Guizhuang. When they were 18 years old, they went to Nanjing to take part in the Yingtian rural examination and joined the fushe. Their personalities are special and honest, and their personal name is "guiqiguguai". Gu Yanwu's academic tenet is "to be ashamed of oneself" and "to be erudite in writing". Since the age of 27, he has flatly abandoned the study of imperial examination. He has read all the historical records of Shicheng, prefectures and counties, as well as anthologies and Zhangzuo. He has compiled the records of farmland, water conservancy, mineral resources, transportation, etc., and started to write the book of benefits and diseases of prefectures and counties in the world and the book of Zhaoyu based on the materials of geographical evolution.

In February 1641, his grandfather Gu Shaofu died. In the summer of 1643, he became the supervisor of the state.

Nanming anti Qing Dynasty

After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, Gu Yanwu temporarily lived in yulianjing, and was recommended by Yang Yongyan, the magistrate of Kunshan county. He joined the Southern Ming Dynasty and served as the commander of the military department. Gu Yanwu placed his hope of revenge on the Hongguang small court. He was full of enthusiasm, and "thought of being able to build a white house" (Wu Yingkui's chronicle of Mr. Gu Tinglin). He wrote military system theory, situation theory, Tian Gong theory, and Qian FA theory, which are the famous "four theories of Yi and Xi", to give advice to the court. Aiming at the military and political collapse of the Nanjing regime and various malpractices in the late Ming Dynasty, from the perspective of military strategy We put forward a series of suggestions on the source of troops and financial consolidation.

In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Gu Yanwu took office in Nanjing by way of Zhenjiang. Before they arrived, Nanjing was captured by the Qing army, Emperor Hongguang was captured, the Southern Ming army collapsed, and the Qing army's cavalry pointed to Suzhou and Hangzhou. At that time, there were many anti Qing volunteers in Jiangnan. Gu Yanwu, his close friends Guizhuang and Wu Qihang (originally from Jiading, Shanghai) joined a volunteer army headed by Wang Yongzuo, the imperial censor of the capital of the Jin Dynasty. All the volunteers conspired to recover Suzhou first, and then Hangzhou, Nanjing and the coastal areas. For a time, they "fought abroad with spears, and moved Jiangdong with words" (Tinglin poetry I, Qianli). But when they were broken, they could not defeat the eight banners. When the volunteers attacked Suzhou, they were defeated, and Songjiang and Jiading fell one after another.

Gu Yanwu sneaks back to Kunshan, and defends the city against the enemy with Yang Yongyan and Guizhuang. Within a few days, Kunshan falls, and as many as 40000 people are killed. Wu qikang is killed. Gu Yanwu's mother he's right arm is cut off by the Qing soldiers, and his two younger brothers are killed. Gu Yanwu himself is lucky to be spared because he used to speak Lianjing before the city is broken. Nine days later, Changshu fell. Wang, Yanwu's stepmother, heard of the change and died on hunger strike. On her deathbed, she told Gu Yanwu, "even if I am a woman who is favored by the emperor and dies with my country, it is also a great righteousness. If you are not a minister of another country, live up to the great national grace of generations, and do not forget the instructions of ancestors, then I can sleep forever. " (Biography of Wang Shuo Ren of Xianhe)

After Wang's burial, in June of the year, Zhu Yujian, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, became emperor in Fuzhou. Recommended by Lu Zhenfei, a scholar of the University (named Haoyue, born in Quzhou, Hebei Province), Emperor Longwu gave Yanwu the post of head of the Department of military affairs. Because of the new death of his stepmother, Yanwu was unable to take up the post for a while, so he could only "dream of being in the executive halberd class of Xingchao" (poetry anthology Yanping envoy). At that time, there was a discord between the governor of Songjiang and the governor of Tu Guobao. Before Ming Dynasty, Chen Zilong (Wozi, fushe, Songjiang), Gu Xianzheng (Duanmu, Kunshan) and Yang Yanshu (Weidou, Wuxian, Jiangsu) secretly instigated Wu shengzhao to do justice. Anyway, Xianzheng was the elder of Yanwu's clan, and Chen Zilong had close contacts with Yanwu. Gu Yanwu was also involved in this matter.

In the summer of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), it came to light that "a few things failed, and the sky and the earth became dark again and again" (collection of poems, crying for Chen Taifu). Sheng Zhao was sent to Nanjing to be beheaded, and the Qing government wantonly searched for the accomplices. Zilong went to Yanwu and ran away from home when Yanwu was in Wudang. So Zilong fled to Tianlin and Tiankui, the sons of Gu Xianzheng, and hid in their homes. Soon they were arrested. Yanwu rescued them in many ways, but it didn't work. Meanwhile, Gu Yanwu went to find Gu Xianzheng and urged him to leave in time, but Xianzheng didn't listen. As a result, Chen Zilong drowned himself when he was not noticed by the official. Yang Yanshu and Gu's father and son were killed one after another. More than 40 people died in this case.

While instigating Wu shengzhao, Gu Yanwu also carried out some other activities. In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Gu Yanwu intended to go to Fujian to take the post of head of Fang Si. About the time of his departure, Lu Zhenfei sent someone to contact him and asked him to contact "Huai Xu Haojie". In the following four or five years, Gu Yanwu "went to the sea in the East, to wangjiaying in the North (now Huaiyin in Jiangsu Province), and went to and fro with his servants" (a chronicle of Qing poetry by Deng Zhicheng), and ran among various anti Qing forces, intending to unite local volunteers and wait for the opportunity. However, Hongguang and Longwu along the coast of Fujian and Zhejiang collapsed one after another, and Gu Yanwu's anti Qing activities were frustrated again and again. However, Gu Yanwu was not depressed. He compared himself with the Jingwei who reclaimed the sea: "there is injustice in everything. Why do you suffer from it? You will grow an inch and hold the wood to the end. I would like to level the East China Sea, my body and heart will not change, there will be no peace in the sea, and there will be no absolute time in my heart. Whoo! If you don't see it, there are many birds in the Xishan mountains, and the Magpies come and the swallows go to form their own nests. " (poetry · Jingwei).

Family disturbance

In the last years of Chongzhen, Gu Yanwu's ancestor Shaofu and his elder brother Gu Xiang died one after another, and in the face of a great drought in Wuzhong, Yan Wu had no choice but to hand over 800 mu of ancestral land to ye Fangheng, a powerful family in Kunshan. At that time, Yan Wu's uncles and other family members were fighting for the inheritance, and they also caused family troubles Yan Wu's former residence in qiandun, Kunshan, and his residence in yulianjing, Changshu, were robbed and set on fire several times. In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), ye Fangheng tried to harm Gu Yanwu again. In order to avoid disaster, Yan Wu had to "remove his sideburns a little and change his appearance to be a merchant" (collection of poems II, circulation). He left Kunshan and changed his name to merchant Jiang Shanyu. For the next five years, he traveled between Wu and Hui. Although he was a hermit merchant, Yanwu still cherished his homeland and paid close attention to the progress of the anti Qing struggle along the coast, hoping to have a chance to make contributions.

Lead the public to form an association

In September 1653, Zhang Mingzhen, a native of Nanjing, defeated the Qing army at the mouth of the Yangtze River and entered Chongming (now Shanghai). In the first month of the 11th year of Shunzhi, he led hundreds of "sea ships" up the Yangtze River to Zhenjiang and ascended the Jinshan mountain to worship the Xiaoling Mausoleum (the mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, outside the Zhonghua Gate of Nanjing today) "The east wind blows the river and flows westward overnight. The golden mountain suddenly shakes, the tower bell language endlessly. The water army is 110000, and the tiger roars near Huangzhou. The big ship is the camp, and the flying boat is the front. Yellow flag across the Yangtze River, battle drum out of the continent After pondering for more than ten years, I didn't see any signs. Suddenly I heard that Wang lvlai was coming, and the first voice moved Yanyou. He Lu used Zixu, but Yan Ying didn't get enough. Zusheng was willing to serve Nanguan prisoner. I'd like to tell you that you don't want to stay when you ride. " (poetry II, Jinshan)

During this period, Gu Yanwu also joined Guizhuang, Chen Chen (Ziya Xin, Wuxing people in Zhejiang), Wu Yan (zichi Ming, Wujiang people in Jiangsu), pan tamzhang (Zili Tian, Wujiang people), Wang Xichan (Ziyin Xu, Wujiang people) in the Jingyin poetry society. On the surface, he was a "adherent of the motherland" and "Youwen wine" (Wang Yuezhen's Nanxun careful annals), but in fact, he took the poetry society as a cover and carried out in secret Anti Qing activities. Gu Yanwu's best friends in Huai'an, Wang Lue (from Huai'an) and WAN Shouqi (from Xuzhou) are also full of national integrity.

In the spring of 1654, Gu Yanwu moved to the southern foot of shenlie mountain in Nanjing.

the calamity of imprisonment

The 12th year of Shunzhi (1655)

Chinese PinYin : Gu Yan Wu