usurper who founded the Xin dynasty

usurper who founded the Xin dynasty

Wang Mang (45 B.C. - October 6, 23 A.D.), a native of Yuancheng county (now Daming County, Hebei Province), was named Jujun. The founding emperor of the new dynasty (January 10, A.D. 9-october 6, A.D. 23), political reformer, and the second son of Wang man, the new king.

Wang Mang was born in the Wang family of Wei county. He was pure and simple, modest and studious. He studied Yili from Chen Shen. During the reign of emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, he entered the central office of the imperial court and successively served as Huangmen Lang, Shesheng Xiaowei and Xindu marquis. He served as the commander of the cavalry, the doctor of Guanglu, and the minister. He had a good reputation and moved to Da Sima. After emperor AI of Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he resigned and returned to the fiefdom. In the second year of Yuanshou (1 BC), Emperor AI of the Han Dynasty passed away. With the support of the Empress Dowager and the king, he took up the post of great Sima and Lushang. He supported emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty to ascend the throne and became a Taifu, conferring the title of an Han Gong. He killed the Wei family, Princess Jingwu, King Liu Li and other political enemies, and established his eldest daughter, Wang Yi, as empress Xiaoping, with the nickname "Zaiheng", above the princes. After the death of emperor Hanping, he supported Liu Ying, the great grandson of emperor Xuandi, and calmed down the opposition.

In the winter of the first year (January 15, A.D. 9), a new dynasty was established, with the year name of "Founding the people's Republic of China" and the announcement of the implementation of the new deal, which was known as "Wang Mang's system reform" in history. During the reign, the system was reformed and the world was in chaos. In the fourth year of Dihuang (October 6, 23 A.D.), the green forest army conquered Chang'an, and Wang Mang died in the chaos. He was 67 years old.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Wang Mang was born in the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (45 BC) in the early Han Dynasty. His father was Wang man and his brother Wang Yong. His aunt is Wang Zhengjun, Empress of Xiaoyuan. When Wang Mang was young, his father and brother died one after another, and he lived with his uncles.

Wang's family was a family of relatives who were in power at that time. There were nine princes in the Wang's family, and five of them served as the grand Sima. They were the most prominent family in the Western Han Dynasty. Most of the people in the clan are generals and marquis. They live extravagantly and keep up with each other. Wang Mang was the only one who lived a simple and modest life. He was hardworking and studious, and his teacher was Chen Shen of Peijun county. He studied Yili. He served his mother and widowed sister-in-law, raised his elder brother and son, behaved decently and had a strict style. It is very considerate to serve your uncles at home, and it is also very considerate to accept wise men from abroad. Wang Mang is an alternative in this big family, a moral model in the eyes of the world, and soon became well-known.

rise directly to a high position

In the third year of Yangshuo (22bc), Emperor chengdi of the Han Dynasty, Wang Mang, 24, entered the central government and became an official. Wang Mang was serious and more respectful to others. He was extremely obedient to his uncle Wang Feng, who was the great Sima. Before his death, Wang Feng asked Wang Zhengjun to take care of Wang Mang. In the same year, Wang Mang was appointed huangmenlang and later promoted to Shesheng Xiaowei. Later, his uncle Wang Shang wrote to Wang Mang that he was willing to give part of his fiefdom to Wang Mang. At that time, many famous people in the court spoke well for Wang Mang, and Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty also thought Wang Mang was very talented.

In the first year of Yongshi (16 BC), Wang Mang was 30 years old. He was granted the title of Marquis of the new capital, commander in chief of qiduwei, Guanglu doctor and Shizhong (a close official of the emperor's Bodyguard). Wang Mang's uncles, Wang Feng, Wang Shang and Wang Gen, were assistant officials of Da Sima. In the reign of emperor chengdi (Liu AO) of the Han Dynasty, there were nine Wangs as Marquis and five as grand Sima. Wang Mang was in a high position, but he never respected himself. He was always polite, honest and frugal. He often gave his salary to his disciples and civilians, and even sold his carriage to help the poor. He was deeply loved by the people. Celebrities in the government and the public praise Wang Mang, whose reputation even surpasses those of his powerful uncles.

Chunyuchang, Wang Mang's cousin and nephew of Wang Zhengjun and empress dowager, made a fortune first and surpassed Wang Mang. Moreover, he was good at flattery. He once made Zhao Feiyan a queen for emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty. He was deeply trusted by Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty and was soon promoted to Wei Wei (one of the nine Qing ministers) to take charge of the imperial palace. At this time, Wang Gen, the great Sima, was ready to retire. Many people thought that Chunyu Chang should succeed him. Wang Mang secretly collected chunyuchang's crimes in order to bring down his rival in his official career. Then Wang Mang used the opportunity to tell Wang Gen that Chunyu was secretly ready to take over the post of chief Sima, and he had already granted many officials and made a wish. At the same time, he tells the story of chunyuchang's adultery with the abandoned empress Xu. Wang Gen was furious and asked him to report to the Empress Dowager as soon as possible. The Empress Dowager asked emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty to recall Chunyu Chang, found out his crime and killed him in prison.

In the first year of Suihe (8 BC), Wang Gen was seriously ill and recommended Wang Mang to replace Da Sima. After Chunyu's death, Wang Mang became Da Sima after his three uncles. He was 38 years old. After Wang Mang came to power, he was tireless in self-restraint and recruited virtuous people. All the rewards and money he received were used to entertain famous people. On the contrary, his life was more thrifty. Once, a hundred officials and ministers came to visit his mother. When they saw that Wang Mang's wife was poorly dressed, they thought she was a servant of his family.

In the second year of Suihe (7 BC), Emperor Cheng died and Emperor AI succeeded him. The family of Empress Dowager Dingtao, the grandmother of emperor AI of the Han Dynasty, and empress Ding began to gain power. Wang Mang had to leave his post and live in seclusion in the new capital of the fiefdom, so he stayed in seclusion. During this period, his second son Wang was killed as a slave. Wang Mang severely punished him and forced him to commit suicide, which was praised by the world. During Wang Mang's seclusion in Xindu (now Xinye, Henan Province), many officials and civilians complained about Wang Mang's dismissal and asked him to come back; Emperor AI of Han Dynasty had to call Wang Mang back to the capital to serve the empress dowager, but he did not resume his official post.

the great power is within one 's grasp

In the second year of Yuanshou (1 BC), Emperor AI of the Han Dynasty died, leaving no descendants. On the day after the death of the emperor, the Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun drove to Weiyang palace to take back the imperial seal. The Empress Dowager then issued an imperial edict to ask the ministers in the court to recommend a candidate for the grand Sima. All the ministers agreed, so they recommended Wang Mang one after another. Only he Wu, the former general, and Gongsun Lu, the left general, objected. They elected each other to show their dissatisfaction with the dictatorship of Wang's relatives. Soon after, the Empress Dowager ordered Wang Mang to serve as the Chief Secretary of the army again, to record the books, and to take charge of the military orders and the forbidden army. After that, Wang Mang established a nine-year-old emperor Hanping to ascend the throne. Wang Mang acted as an agent of government affairs and was unanimously supported by the government and the opposition. Since then, Wang Mang's political ambition gradually exposed. First, he forced Wang Zhengjun to drive away his uncle Wang Li. Then he promoted those who were attached to him and killed those who were against him. Wang Mang knew that to maintain his position, he had to strengthen his power in the court, so he took the initiative to curry favor with Kong Guang, the famous Confucian master at that time. Kong Guang was an elder of the three dynasties. He was deeply respected by the Empress Dowager and the government, but he was timid and cautious. On the one hand, Wang Mang approached and wooed him, and introduced his son-in-law, Zhen Han, to serve as a servant and a commander in chief. On the other hand, in the name of Empress Dowager Wang, he forced Kong Guang to make propaganda for himself and used Kong Guang's influence as a tool to repel others. So Shangzuo impeached he Wu and Gongsun Lu and removed them from their official posts. Later, Shi Li, the imperial servant of China, Wu Jianglong, the prefect of Nanjun, Ding Xuan, the prefect of Taishan, Zhao Chang, the prefect of Hanoi, and other high-ranking officials with more than 2000 stones were successively removed with various charges, depriving Dong Wu, the Marquis of Gaochang, and Zhang you, the Marquis of Guannei. At the same time, Wang Mang gradually cultivated his own party members. With his cousins Wang Shun and Wang Yi as his heart, he used his cronies Zhen Feng and Zhen Han to supervise impeachment and Pingyan to manage confidential affairs. Wang Mang usually looks serious and serious. When he wants to get some benefits, he just needs a little sign, and his party members will play up one after another according to his wishes. Then Wang Mang kowtows and weeps, resolutely refuses, so as to confuse the Empress Dowager and cover up his ambition to the common people.

In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1), the ministers proposed to the Empress Dowager that Wang Mang should enjoy the same reward as Huo Guang for his "dingce Anzong Temple". When Wang Mang learned about it, he wrote that he had made the decision together with Kong Guang, Wang Shun, Zhen Feng and Zhen Han. He hoped that only four of them would be rewarded, and he would consider himself later. Despite the Empress Dowager's many imperial edicts, he resolutely refused. Ministers constantly suggested to the empress dowager, Wang Mang refused to accept the title of "an Han Gong", but refused to accept the salary of 28000 families. In addition, Wang Mang and his three confidants were promoted to the position of "four auxiliary": Wang Mang was the Taifu, leading the four auxiliary affairs; Kong Guang was the Taishi, Wang Shun was the Taibao, and Zhen Feng was the Shaofu. The "four auxiliaries" were in charge of all the political affairs except the affairs of nobility.

Wang Mang first suggested that the vassal kings and the descendants of the meritorious officials should be rewarded, and then the serving officials should be rewarded, the rites and music of the ancestral temple should be increased, so as to benefit the common people and widows, widows and lonely people, and implement the policy of favor to the common people, so as to win the favor of the government and the public again. Secondly, Wang Zhengjun, the Empress Dowager of Jianyan, took the lead in living a frugal life. He also contributed millions of money and 30 hectares of farmland to the relief of the people, and all officials followed suit. Every time he suffered from floods and droughts, Wang Mang only ate vegetarian food instead of meat and wine. In the second year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 2), there was a severe drought in the whole country and a plague of locusts. Under the leadership of Wang Mang, 230 officials and civilians gave their land and houses to the victims. Taxes were generally reduced in the disaster areas, and the victims were fully compensated. The Royal huchiyuan in Anding county was abolished and changed into an Min county to accommodate the victims. Even the city of Chang'an has built 1000 houses for the victims. Compared with Simao's praise of Wang Zhisong, Simao's praise of Wang Zhisong is a great sage in ancient times.

Jianxin in the Han Dynasty

Wang Mang worried that the Wei family, Hanping emperor's cousin, would divide up his power, so he granted the Wei family, Hanping emperor's mother, and his family to Zhongshan state, forbidding them to return to the capital. Wang Yu, the eldest son of Wang Mang, was afraid that emperor Ping would resent and retaliate in the future, so he strongly opposed this matter, but Wang Mang did not listen. After discussing with his teacher Wu Zhang, Wang Yu wanted to make Wang Mang change his mind by superstitious means, so he ordered his brother-in-law Lu Kuan to sprinkle blood wine on the front door of Wang Mang's house. Then he wanted to use this as a strange image to persuade Wang Mang to hand over power

Chinese PinYin : Wang Mang