Liu Yuxi

Liu Yuxi

Liu Yuxi (772-842), whose name is mengde, was born in Luoyang, Henan Province. He was born in Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Henan Province. He claimed to be "originally from Xingshang, but originally from Luoyang". His ancestor was Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan (a descendant of Xiongnu). During the Tang Dynasty, ministers, writers and philosophers were known as "poetic heroes".

In the ninth year of Zhenyuan, Jin Shiji, a scholar, released Prince Brown's calligraphy, moved to Huainan to join the army, and entered du you's shogunate, a governor. He was deeply trusted and valued. Du you became prime minister and moved to supervise the censor. At the end of Zhenyuan Dynasty, he joined the political group of "two Wangs and eight SIMAS" headed by Prince Shidu Wang Shuwen. After Tang Shunzong ascended the throne, he practiced "Yongzhen innovation". After the failure of the reform, the official sea rose and fell, and was relegated repeatedly. In the second year of Huichang, he moved to be a guest of the crown prince and died in Luoyang. He died at the age of 71. He pursued the Secretary of the Ministry of household and was buried in Xingyang.

His poems and essays are excellent and cover a wide range of subjects. He is called "Liu Liu" together with Liu Zongyuan, "three heroes" together with Wei Yingwu and Bai Juyi, and "Liu Bai" together with Bai Juyi. There are three philosophical works on heaven, which discuss the materiality of heaven and analyze the origin of the theory of destiny. He is the author of Liu mengde's anthology and Liu Weibin's anthology.

Life of the characters

Early life

Liu Yuxi claimed that his ancestor was Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan, the son of Lady Jia of emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty; Liu Liang, the ancestor of the seven dynasties, was the governor of Jizhou in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the official of sanqichangshi, who moved the capital to Luoyang with Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. His father, Liu Xu, moved to Suzhou to avoid an Shi rebellion. Liu Yuxi was born in the seventh year of Dali (772). His father and ancestor were small bureaucrats. His father Liu Xu was an official in Jiangnan, where he spent his youth. When he was very young, he began to learn Confucian classics, recite poems and write Fu. He was smart and diligent. He was influenced and instructed by the famous poet monk Jiao ran and Ling Che at that time.

Around the age of 19 in the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790), Liu Yuxi traveled to Luoyang and Chang'an and gained a high reputation among scholars.

Zhenyuan nine years (793), and Liu Zongyuan with the list of Jinshi and, in the same year on the erudite Hongci branch. Two years later, he went to the Ministry of official affairs to take the imperial examinations, and Shi Wu was the prince's school book. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), du you took Huainan Jiedu envoy as Xu Sihao Jiedu, and appointed Liu Yuxi as the chief secretary. Later, he returned to Yangzhou with du you. During the period of Jumu, he wrote many statements on behalf of du you.

In the 18th year of Zhenyuan (802), he was transferred to Weinan County, Jingzhao Prefecture, and soon moved to supervise the censor. At that time, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan both worked in Yushitai, and they became close friends.

Relegation career

In the first month of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), after Tang Dezong died, Li Song ascended the throne for Tang Shunzong. Wang Shuwen and Wang Hesu, the former crown prince's aides, had the intention of reforming the bad government. At this time, they were trusted by Tang Shunzong and entered the center. Liu Yuxi and Wang Shuwen were good friends, and his talent and ambition were especially valued by Shuwen. Therefore, he was appointed as the garrison member wailang, the judge of Zhiyan iron case, and participated in the management of national finance. During this period, Liu Yuxi's political enthusiasm was extremely high, and together with Liu Zongyuan, he became the core figure of the innovation group.

The "two kings Liu Liu" group took a lot of progressive measures in a short period of administration, but because the reform violated the interests of the vassal, eunuch and senior officials, it soon failed under the joint counterattack of the conservative forces. Emperor Shunzong of Tang Dynasty was forced to give way to Prince Li Chun, and Wang Shuwen died. Wang PI died of illness after being demoted. Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were demoted to governor of Yuanzhou, and then demoted to Sima of Yuanzhou. This is the famous "eight Sima incident" in history (eight people were demoted to Yuanzhou Sima at the same time, known as "eight Sima" in History). Since then, Liu Yuxi has been in Langzhou for nearly ten years. During this period, Liu Yuxi wrote a large number of allegorical poems, expressing his great dissatisfaction with the powerful people of the current Dynasty, and wrote many Fu to express his ambition not to sink. As a result of contact with local folk songs, he absorbed nutrition from them, and his poetry creation showed some new characteristics. At the same time, he also wrote a number of philosophical papers, the most important of which are three on the heaven corresponding to Liu Zongyuan's Tian Shuo.

In December of the ninth year of Yuanhe (February 815), Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were called back to Beijing. In March of the next year (816), Liu Yuxi wrote a poem entitled "the ten years of Yuanhe from Langzhou to Beijing opera as a gift to the gentlemen who saw flowers". He offended the ruling and was relegated to Bozhou as an assassin. Fortunately, with the help of Peidu and Liu Zongyuan, he became an assassin of Lianzhou (now Lianzhou City, Guangdong Province). Since then, Liu Yuxi has been in Lianzhou for nearly five years.

In 819, Liu Yuxi was able to leave Lianzhou because of his mother's death. In the winter of the first year of Changqing (821), Liu Yuxi was appointed governor of Kuizhou (now Fengjie County, Chongqing). In the summer of the fourth year of Changqing (824), he was transferred to the governor of Hezhou (now Hexian County, Anhui Province).

In 826, Liu Yuxi was transferred back to Luoyang. In 827, he worked in Shangshu province. From the first demotion to this time, a total of 23 years.

Life in old age

In the first year of Dahe, Liu Yuxi was appointed as the Minister of Dongdu. The following year, he returned to the court as a master and guest doctor, and wrote the quatrains of visiting xuandu again, which showed his unyielding will despite repeated attacks. After the official history of Suzhou, Ruzhou, Tongzhou governor. From the first year of Kaicheng (836), he was appointed as the guest and Secretary Supervisor of the crown prince, and served as a leisure post in the east capital.

In the first year of Huichang (841), the title of minister of rites of the school was added, which was known as Liu Shangshu and Liu Shangshu. In his later years, Liu Yuxi went to Luoyang, where he made friends with his friends Bai Juyi and Pei Du, wrote poems, sang in harmony with each other, and lived a leisurely life. He and Bai Juyi kept Liu Bai's collection of singing in harmony, Liu Bai's collection of Wu Luo's collection, and Bai Juyi and Pei Du's collection of Ru Luo's collection. Since then, he has successively served as a Bachelor of Jixian hall, a doctor of rites department, a governor of Suzhou, a governor of Ruzhou, a governor of Tongzhou, and finally as a guest of the crown prince and a sub Secretary of Dongdu.

In the second year of Huichang (842), Liu Yuxi died of illness in Luoyang at the age of 71. He was awarded as the Minister of the Ministry of household and was buried in Xingyang, Henan Province.

Literary achievements

Poetry

Poetry content

Liu Yuxi's landscape poetry changed the narrow and bleak style of Dali and Zhenyuan poets, and often wrote a kind of open scene beyond the real distance of space, such as "distant mountains under the water, clouds like snow, grass like smoke on the side of the bridge" ("allegory of a drunken journey with Niu Xianggong in Nanzhuang)", "wild grass in the red brocade land, wandering silk in the blue sky"（《 In the spring, the book was sent to dongluobai 22 Yang 82. Another example is Wang Dongting, in which the poet's subjective feelings are integrated into the quiet and ethereal scenery, forming a peaceful atmosphere. However, although Liu Yuxi said that "if you can leave the desire, you can be empty", but he actively participated in Yongzhen innovation, in fact, he still wanted to realize his ideal of life in the society; his character is also relatively stubborn, influenced by Taoism, his poems often show a lofty and cheerful spirit. For example, one of the two songs of "autumn poetry" and "climbing the Qiling temple tower with Lotte" all have a kind of high power.

Liu Yuxi's poems are clear and clear because of his implicit and profound connotation, broad and broad realm and high and upward emotion. Liu Yuxi has been demoted to the south for many times, which is also the place where folk songs are popular. Therefore, Liu Yuxi often collects folk songs and learns their style for poetry creation. For example, the poem "Egret" describes his lofty feelings in a metaphorical way, but in a light folk style. There are also some works that completely imitate folk songs, such as Zhuzhi Ci, yangliuzhi Ci, Dishang Ci, Datong Ci, langtaosha Ci, Xisaishan nostalgia, etc., which are simple, natural, fresh and lovely, and exude the strong flavor of life like folk songs. The following two songs are especially vivid: two of three songs of Dishang and one of two songs of Zhuzhi CI.

Work style

Liu Yuxi and his poetic style are quite unique. He was resolute and brave. During his years of exile, he felt heavy psychological distress and sang songs of lonely ministers. However, he never despaired and had the soul of a fighter. He wrote many poems, such as "gentlemen from Langzhou to Beijing Opera in the 10th year of Yuanhe period", "quatrains of revisiting xuandu Temple" and "hundred tongue chants", "Ballad of gathering mosquitoes", "flying kite drill" and "Hua tuolun", which repeatedly satirized and criticized political opponents, resulting in repeated political repression and attacks, but the repression and attacks aroused him more intense His resentment and resistance strengthened his poetic temperament from different aspects. He said: "I was born in Shandong, and I have many feelings in my life" ("Yizhu mountain meeting Zen master").

Liu Yuxi lived in Jiaxing with his father in his early years. He often went to Wuxing to visit Jiaoran and lingche, who were famous Buddhist monks and poetry monks in the south of the Yangtze River. According to his collection of works of master Che, at that time, he "wrote inkstones with two fashions and accompanied them to chant, all of which were called" children can teach ". This early experience had a deep influence on his later poetry creation.

Liu Yuxi's poems, no matter they are short or long, are mostly concise and bright, with a kind of wisdom of a philosopher and sincere feelings of a poet. They are full of artistic tension and forthright momentum. Such as "Shuofeng sad old Ji, autumn frost moving birds of prey." Not because of the feeling of decline, an Neng inspires a strong heart "(the second part of the three songs of learning Ruan Gong's body)," Ma Sibian's grass fist moves, and his eyes open when he is asleep. The poems like "heaven and earth are clear and can be seen everywhere, helping the king to get sick" and "beginning to smell the autumn wind" are high spirited, with a strong style, which has the power to shake up the decline, rise and fall, and urge people to move forward. As for his seven character quatrains, they also have their own characteristics, such as: "don't slander as deep as the waves, and don't move like sand.". Although it's hard for thousands of Taos and thousands of percolates, it's hard to blow all the wild sand to get gold. " (eight of the nine poems of langtaosha) "north of the Great Wall, plum blossom and Qiang flute blowing, south of the Great Wall, osmanthus Hill CI.". Please don't play the song of the former dynasty and listen to the new version of "yangliuzhi." (one of the nine poems by Yang Liuzhi) from the poetic point of view, these two poems

Chinese PinYin : Liu Yu Xi