Kang Youwei

Kang Youwei

Kang Youwei (from March 19, 1858 to March 31, 1927), formerly known as Zu Yi, was named Guangxia, Changsu, Mingyi, Gengshen, xiqiaoshanren, youcunsou and tianyouhua. He was born in danzaosu village, Nanhai County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. He was known as Kang Nanhai. He was an important politician, thinker, educator and representative of bourgeois reformism in the late Qing Dynasty. Born in a feudal bureaucratic family, Kang Youwei began to contact western culture in 1879. In 1888, Kang Youwei once again went to Beijing to take part in the Shuntian rural examination. He took the opportunity to write to Emperor Guangxu for the first time to ask for political reform, but he was blocked. After the 17th year of Guangxu (1891), WanMu thatched cottage was set up in Guangzhou. Guangxu 21 years (1895) learned that the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" was signed, joint more than 1300 people over ten thousand words, that is, "bus letter.".

In 1898, the reform movement of 1898 began. After the failure of the reform movement, he fled to Japan, claiming to hold the emperor's imperial edict, organizing the royalist Association, advocating enlightened autocracy and opposing the revolution. After the revolution of 1911, as the leader of the royalist party, he opposed the republican system and had been planning the restoration of Puyi. In 1917, Kang Youwei and Zhang Xun launched a restoration and supported Puyi to ascend the throne. Soon after that, they were defeated by Duan Qirui, the then Prime Minister of the Beiyang government. In his later years, Kang Youwei always declared his loyalty to the Qing Dynasty. After Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City by Feng Yuxiang, he went to Tianjin to visit Puyi in Jingyuan. He died in Qingdao on March 31, 1927. As an active member of the late Qing Dynasty, Kang Youwei embodied the direction of historical progress when he advocated the reform movement. But later, he and Yuan Shikai became the spiritual leaders of the restoration movement. Kang Youwei is also a calligrapher. Chen Yulong, a professor at Peking University, once commented: "throughout the 20th century China's calligraphic world, those who really win by their profound calligraphy skills are Kang Youwei, Yu Youren, Li Zhimin and Sha Menghai."

Life of the characters

Study in early years

Kang Youwei was born on February 5, 1858 (March 19, 1858) in a bureaucratic landlord family in Yintang Township, Xiqiao Mountain, Nanhai, Guangdong Province. His grandfather, Kang zanxiu, went to Lianzhou to instruct him; his father, Kang Dachu, was an official magistrate of Jiangxi Province; his uncle, Kang Guoqi, nursed the governor of Guangxi, and once participated in the suppression of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Kang Youwei studied from Kang zanxiu and Zhu Ciqi when he was young. They all believed in Neo Confucianism of song and Ming Dynasties. Therefore, under the influence of Neo Confucianism of song and Ming Dynasties, Kang Youwei despised the so-called trivial textual research of Sinologists and tried to open up a new way of academic research. After learning Neo Confucianism for a while, I don't agree with it. The reason is that Neo Confucianism only talks about Confucius' self-cultivation, but not Confucius' salvation. At the age of five, Kang Youwei could recite hundreds of Tang poems. When he was six years old, he read from Jian Fengyi the great learning, the doctrine of the mean, the Analects of Confucius and the filial piety annotated by Zhu Xi. When Kang Youwei was eleven years old, his father died. He followed his grandfather to receive strict feudal orthodox education and study the classics and history. At this time, not long after the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he "read the official newspapers frequently, read the affairs of the imperial court, and knew the work of Zeng Wenzheng, Luo Wenzhong, and Zuo Wenxiang, but he was generous and ambitious.".

In 1872, Kang Youwei devoted himself to the imperial examination and eight part essay. In 1874, the 13th year of tongzhi (1874), "the first time I saw Yinghuan Zhilue and the map of the earth, I knew the reason of all countries and the reason of the earth.". In 1876, he followed Zhu Ciqi to study. Zhu Ciqi's teaching focuses on four elements and five learning: four elements are filial piety, advocating fame and integrity, changing temperament, and checking prestige; five learning are classics, literature, anecdotes, nature, and CI. He advocated that helping people and managing the world should not be a useless empty talk, and that he should wipe out the door of the Han and Song Dynasties and return to Confucius. Influenced by it, Kang Youwei "takes the sages as his expectation" and "takes the world as his expectation". He also studied Gu Yanwu, Qian Daxin, Zhao Yi and others' works on history, so he began to talk about the great. In 1878, he continued to study with Zhu Ciqi, studying Zhouli, Yili, Erya, Shuowen, shuijingzhu, Chuci, Hanshu and Wenxuan. Soon, buried in the pile of old paper, MI Qi Ling Ming, gradually tired of it, is "close the door to thank friends, sit quietly and nourish the heart.". "When I sit in silence, I suddenly see that all things in the world are one, and they are bright. If you think of yourself as a saint, you will smile happily, but if you think of the hardship of life, you will cry. The crisis of his country and the stimulation of reality made him doubt the traditional culture and academy.

In 1879, he came into contact with western culture. At the age of 22, he left Zhu Ciqi and went to Baiyun cave of Xiqiao Mountain to study alone. He read a lot of practical books, such as Gu Yanwu's "book on the benefits of the world's prefectures" and Gu Zuyu's "summary of reading history and Fang Yu". In the same year, he visited Hong Kong again, which opened Kang Youwei's eyes. Later, he continued to read books such as the atlas of the sea and a brief introduction to yinghuanzhilue and so on, "buying maps of the earth and gradually collecting books of Western learning are the basis of Teaching Western learning.". This year was an important beginning for Kang Youwei to change from a middle school to a western school. In 1882, Kang Youwei went to Beijing to take part in the examination. When he returned to China, he went through Shanghai and came into contact with capitalism. He also collected many books and periodicals about the political systems and natural sciences of capitalist countries. After learning, Kang Youwei gradually realized that the capitalist system was more advanced than China's feudal system. The imperialist invasion and the corruption of the Qing Dynasty set the young Kang Youwei on fire to save the country. Kang Youwei is determined to learn from the West in order to save his motherland in danger. From then on, he absorbed the evolutionism and political views from the west, and initially formed the ideological system of reform.

Changxing lecture

In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), "the purchase of the" Bulletin of nations "and the great attack on Western learning books are all involved in sound, light, chemistry, electricity, heavy learning, historical records of various countries and travel notes of various people.". According to the draft law of no foot binding Association, no one who joins the association is allowed to wrap his feet. Those who have already wrapped their feet and released them again will be commended. In 1884, the Sino French war broke out and Guangdong and Guangdong were invaded by France. Kang Youwei "feels the national calamity, mourns the people's livelihood", lives alone on the first floor, "the understanding day by day is deep, because the microscope is thousands of times, sees the lice as the wheel, sees the ant as the elephant, but realizes the principle of the same size". Reading and thinking, "every day to save the world for the heart, engraved to save the world for the matter.". In 1888, Kang Youwei once again went to Beijing to take part in the Shuntian rural examination. He took the opportunity to write to Emperor Guangxu for the first time, asking for political reform, but he was blocked. In September of that year, he wrote a letter to Emperor Guangxu, lamenting the danger of Chen's motherland, criticizing the old-fashioned, demanding reform and reform, and putting forward three programmatic propositions of "turning law into law, communicating with emotion, and being cautious about left and right".

In 1891, Kang Youwei began to give lectures at WanMu thatched cottage in changxingli, Guangzhou at the invitation of Chen Qianqiu and Liang Qichao. The main content of the lecture is "China's academic origin, historical and political evolution for thousands of years, the gain and loss can be inferred from the proportion of the public law of all countries" and "the great development of the meaning of seeking benevolence, and talking about the reasons at home and abroad, the method of saving China". And create theory for the reform movement. He has written two books, the examination of new learning and the examination of Confucius' system reform, both of which were written in the name of respecting Confucius. In the former book, some classics that feudalists always considered sacred and inviolable were declared as forged documents. In the latter book, Confucius, who was originally conservative, was dressed up as a man full of enterprising spirit and advocating democracy and equality. Although Kang Youwei's views are unscientific, his spirit of reform has produced a strong shock and repercussion in the intellectual world, and posed a great threat to the feudal obstinate conservatives. Therefore, these two books are regarded as heresies by them. The next year, Kang Youwei moved the lecture hall to the Kuang ancestral hall in weibian street, Guangzhou.

In 1893, he still taught in weibian street. In the winter of the same year, Kang Youwei moved the thatched cottage to the Yanggao Temple of Fu Xue Tang. At that time, he had more than 100 students. In 1894, Kang Youwei began to compile the book axiom of human beings, which was later published as the book of great harmony. The book of Great Harmony describes all kinds of sufferings in the world, and points out that the great harmony society will be a paradise without private property, class, blind date and equality. This is, of course, ridiculous. Kang Youwei wrote the book of Datong, and he did not and could not find a way to Datong. After he laid a theoretical foundation for the reform movement of 1898, Kang Youwei carried out the reform actively. In the same year, the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out, and China suffered another disastrous defeat.

Brewing reform

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On March 23, 1895, the Qing government and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was humiliating and humiliating to their country. Kang Youwei took advantage of the opportunity to take the exam in Beijing and joined with more than 1300 examinees from various provinces to jointly petition on April 8 (May 2) and launch the "bus petition". In his "Gongche Shangshu", he requested to refuse peace, move the capital, train troops, and reform, and put forward reformist programs to save the country, such as "issuing an imperial edict to promote the spirit of the world", "moving the capital to determine the foundation of the world", "training troops to strengthen the world trend", "and" reform to become the rule of the world ". The reform focused on three aspects: enriching the country, supporting the people and educating the people. There are six ways to make a rich country: first, the banknote law, in which the Ministry of household uses Seiko to make banknotes and set up official banks to expand business; second, to build railways and collect our interests; third, to manufacture machines and boats, to reward new manufacturing, and to develop and protect private industries

Chinese PinYin : Kang You Wei