Bertello

Bertello

Berthelot, Pierre eng è ne Marcelin, French chemist. Born in Paris on October 27, 1827; died in Paris on March 18, 1907.

Brief calendar

chemical synthesis

When bertelow was studying in the French Academy, he studied under the guidance of Duma, renio and balar. He received his Ph.D. in 1854, and his dissertation involved in the synthesis of natural fats. He combined glycerin with fatty acids to form fats, a decisive step forward in organic synthesis, and developed Schaeffler's earlier work. Although Weiler has synthesized urea, it only rearranges the atoms of ammonium cyanate, and he has not intentionally combined the atoms. Others do it intentionally, especially Colby, but there are only a few kinds of synthetic products, and they are often natural products that are well known. In 1859, bertelow was a professor at the Institute of advanced pharmacy, and in 1865 he transferred to the French Academy. He continued to synthesize organic compounds in a systematic way, making them emerge in large quantities. It includes methanol, ethanol, methane, benzene, B block and other famous products. If the theory that life can produce organic has been destroyed by weller and others, it can be said that bertello crushed it to pieces. Bertelow was the first man to synthesize organic matter that did not exist in nature. He combines glycerol with fatty acids that don't naturally exist in fat to make organic compounds that don't belong to organisms. Since then, it has become increasingly difficult to describe organic chemistry as the chemistry of life products. Organic chemistry has gradually become a chemistry Limited to carbon compounds. Kekule was the first person to formally put forward this definition. Later, when it was necessary to give a name to the chemistry of living substances, the term "biochemistry" came into being. Bertelow was conservative in some ways, and he was one of those who grudgingly adopted the international rules of the atom. Most chemists are satisfied with Cannizaro's formulation of atoms and molecules, that is, bertello takes the lead in (futile) dissenting.

Thermochemistry

In the 1860s, bertelow gave up his work on Synthesis and turned to thermochemistry. Thermochemistry is the study of heat in chemical reactions. Although some of his work overlaps with the achievements of Hess, his work is more in-depth. He designed a calorimeter to measure the amount of heat produced by a chemical reaction. He did it hundreds of times. This work, together with the work done by Thomson, promotes the rapid development of thermochemistry. Bertelow coined the terms "exothermic" and "endothermic" to denote reactions that release and absorb heat, respectively. Bertelow thinks that the heat released by chemical reaction is the motive force of chemical reaction. If this is true, there is no reversible reaction. Williamson proved that there are reactions that can be carried out in two directions, which requires Gibbs to put forward more profound concepts, namely free energy and chemical potential, to clarify the driving force behind the chemical reaction. In the chaos of the Franco Prussian War, bertelow was in charge of the scientific defense of Paris. After the establishment of the Third Republic of France in 1871, he actively participated in public affairs. He became a senator in 1881, joined the cabinet in 1886, and even served as Foreign Secretary for one year in 1895. In 1889, he became the Permanent Secretary General of the French Academy of Sciences after Pasteur.

work

About 1600 books and papers have been published, including chimieorganique fondee sur la synthesis (1860), les carbares d'hydrogen (1901), Mecanique chemique (1878) and thermochemistry (1897). His works on history and philosophy include translations of alchemy and chemistry in Greece, Syria and Arabia. He wrote for the Encyclopedia of France, which he supported. In his later years, he devoted himself to agricultural chemistry research and his historical works.