The People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China was founded

From September 21 to September 30, 1949, the plenary session of the First Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was held in Peiping. On September 29, the meeting adopted the Common Programme of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), which has the nature of an interim constitution, and the CPPCC acted on behalf of the National People's Congress. In the afternoon of September 30, the first National Committee of the CPPCC was elected at the plenary session of the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Mao Zedong was elected Chairman of the Central People's Government, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Song Qingling, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan and Gao Gang were Vice Chairmen, and the other 56 were members of the Central People's Government.

On October 1, 1949, the founding ceremony was held in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. Mao Zedong announced the establishment of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China on the Tiananmen Tower, and the People's Republic of China was officially established.

Establishment of the socialist system

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China experienced long-term turmoil and war, acute social contradictions, backward economic level, currency devaluation, and poor transportation. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a communist society that fully imitated the industrialization model of the Soviet Union was rapidly established.

In the early 1950s, the government carried out large-scale socialist transformation of urban industry and commerce, rural land collectivization and social reform. Since 1953, China has embarked on socialist industrialization and socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft industry and capitalist industry and commerce (namely, the three major transformations), gradually transitioning from new democracy to socialism. By 1956, China had basically established a socialist system and entered the primary stage of socialism.

Socialist construction and mistakes

In the process of building socialism in an all-round way, China has made great achievements and preliminarily laid the material and cultural foundation for modernization. But there are also some mistakes. In 1958, the climax of the "Great Leap Forward" was set off on all fronts of the country. In August of the same year, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held a meeting in Beidaihe to set high targets for industrial and agricultural production.

In agriculture, the main reason is that the estimation of crop yield is seriously exaggerated. The high indicators and grandiose style of production development promote the urgent transition to the so-called higher form of production relations. Subjectively, it is believed that the larger the scale of agricultural cooperatives, the higher the degree of public ownership, the more it can promote production. Its characteristics are "one big, two public" and "one level, two tunes". The three years of economic difficulties since 1959 have made the national economy worse.

In the winter of 1960, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China began to correct the "Left" mistakes in rural work and decided to implement the policy of "adjusting, consolidating, enriching and improving" the national economy. Immediately, under the auspices of Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun and Deng Xiaoping, a series of correct policies and decisive measures were formulated and implemented. This is an important change in this historical stage. The enlarged Central Working Conference, which was held in January 1962 and attended by 7000 people, preliminarily summarized the experience and lessons of the "Great Leap Forward" and carried out criticism and self-criticism.

From 1966 to 1976, the "Cultural Revolution", which brought serious disasters to the Party and the country, took place.

Rectify the Disorder and Discuss the Truth

After Mao Zedong died in 1976, Hua Guofeng took over his post and arrested the Gang of Four. In 1977, the country went from chaos to governance, and the economy began to recover. At the same time, a large number of cadres who were overthrown during the Cultural Revolution were able to work again, thus opening the prelude to reform and opening up.

Deng Xiaoping went out of the mountain again in 1977 and resumed his posts as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the CPC Central Committee.

The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held at the end of 1978, realized a great turning point of far-reaching significance in the history of the Party since the founding of New China, and opened a new historical period of China's reform and opening up and socialist modernization. On the New Year's Day of 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued a Letter to Taiwan Compatriots, announcing the policy of reunification of the motherland by peaceful means. After 1979, China embarked on a more pragmatic development path. A large number of intellectuals and scholars who had previously been hit resumed their work. In 1980, it was the largest unjust case (Liu Shaoqi) that was rectified; To rehabilitate the "Rightists" with the greatest influence and the largest number of people involved.

In 1981, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the Resolution on Several Historical Issues of the Party since the founding of the People's Republic of China, which completely denied the "Cultural Revolution". In September of the same year, Ye Jianying published a talk on the principles and policies for Taiwan's return to the motherland and peaceful reunification. In the early 1980s, Deng Xiaoping put forward the great idea of "one country, two systems".

New period of reform and opening up

In 1979, under the guidance of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the rural areas gradually began to implement the responsibility system based on household contract with remuneration linked to output, that is, "divide farmland and contract output to each household, and be responsible for their own profits and losses". On July 15, 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council decided to pilot set up special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen.

At the initial stage of reform and opening up, the introduction of foreign capital was basically at the trial stage, mainly from foreign government loans. Introduce foreign capital, provide tax exemption and preferential period, cooperate to run factories, and learn the marketing methods of absorbing foreign enterprise capital management. It has created a large number of employment opportunities, accelerated the development of foreign trade and improved the international competitiveness of the economy.

In 1982, the rural reform began in full swing. The contracted production responsibility system was widely promoted in rural areas. Agricultural production increased significantly, and farmers' income increased significantly. The food problem that has plagued China for many years has been solved by a large margin.

On October 1, 1984, a military parade and a mass march were held in the capital to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Deng Xiaoping reviewed the reviewed troops and delivered a speech. On December 19, the Chinese and British governments officially signed the Sino British Joint Declaration in Beijing, confirming that the Chinese government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997.

On February 18, 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved and forwarded the Summary of the Symposium on the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Xiamen Zhangzhou Quanzhou Delta in Minnan, and decided to open up coastal economic open zones in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Xiamen Zhangzhou Quanzhou Delta. In 1985, China's urban reform was launched in an all-round way, focusing on the reform of state-owned enterprises.

Establishment of market economy system

On January 14, 1992, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council held the Central Working Conference on Nationalities. Jiang Zemin made a speech entitled "Strengthening the Great Unity of All Nationalities, Hand in Hand for Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics", and put forward the main tasks of ethnic work in the 1990s.

From January 18 to February 21, 1992, Deng Xiaoping, as an ordinary party member, inspected Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Guangzhou and Shanghai and delivered an important "Southern Tour Speech", in which he put forward such important views as "three benefits" and "development is the absolute principle", marking a new stage of China's reform and opening up.

After 1992, the route of reform and opening up was basically determined. China entered a stage where the international environment around it was basically peaceful, the domestic society was stable, and the economy grew rapidly for a long time. The Eighth Five Year Plan, the Ninth Five Year Plan, and the Tenth Five Year Plan were fully implemented and basically completed.

Towards great rejuvenation

On July 1, 1997, the People's Republic of China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong; On December 20, 1999, the exercise of sovereignty over Macao was resumed. In 2001, China formally joined the World Trade Organization.

In November 2002, at the First Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, Hu Jintao was elected General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee; In March 2003, at the First Session of the Tenth National People's Congress, Hu Jintao was elected President of the People's Republic of China.

On August 8, 2008, the 29th Olympic Games opened in Beijing. In 2010, the Shanghai World Expo was successfully held. In 2011, China became the second largest economy in the world.

Regional location

China is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. It starts from the center of Heilongjiang River near Mohe River in the north and reaches Zengmu sand in the the Nansha Islands in the south. It starts from Pamirs Plateau in the west and ends at the junction of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River in the east. The land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, and the land boundary is more than 20000 kilometers.

The territorial sea is composed of the Bohai Sea (inland sea), the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. The eastern and southern continental coastline is 18000 kilometers.

China's land border is 22800 kilometers long, bordering Korea in the east, Mongolia in the north, Russia in the northeast, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the northwest, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and other countries in the west and southwest, and Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south. The east and southeast are across the sea from South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.

topographic features

terrain

The terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east, which is complex and diverse. The proportion of various landforms in the land area of the country is 33.3% in mountains, 26% in plateaus, 18.8% in basins, 12% in plains and 9.9% in hills. The terrain forms three steps from west to east: in the west, there is the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, which is the highest with an altitude of more than 4000 meters. It is composed of extremely high mountains and plateau surfaces, and is called the "roof of the world". It is the first step, bounded by the Kunlun Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Hengduan Mountains and the second step; The second step of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is from the east to the Great Khingan Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Wushan Mountains and Xuefeng Mountains. The altitude is generally 1000-2000 meters, which is mainly composed of mountains, plateaus and basins; The broad plains and hills in eastern China are the third step. This geomorphic pattern was established by the Mesozoic Yanshan movement.

landforms

Mountains, plateaus and hills in China account for 69.2% of the land area, and basins and plains account for 30.8% of the land area. The mountains are mostly east-west and northeast southwest, mainly including Altay Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Karakorum Mountains, Himalayas, Yinshan Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Great Xing'an Mountains, Changbai Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, Taiwan Mountains, Wushan Mountains and Hengduan Mountains. In the west, there is the world's tallest Qinghai Tibet Plateau, with an average altitude of more than 4000 meters. It is known as the "roof of the world". Mount Everest is 8848.86 meters above sea level, the highest peak in the world. Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, the Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin and Yunnan Guizhou Plateau to the east of the north, and Kunlun Qilian Hengduan Mountain as the boundary are the second step of China's terrain. The east of the line of Great Khingan Mountains Taihang Mountains Wushan Xuefeng Mountains to the coastline is mostly plain and hilly, which is the third step. The continental shelf to the east and south of the coastline is rich in undersea resources.

mountain range

China is a mountainous country. Most of the mountains run from east to west and from northeast to southwest. The main mountains are Altay Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Karakoram Mountains, Tanggula Mountains, Nianqing Tanggula Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Gangdise Mountains, Himalayas, Hengduan Mountains, Yinshan Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Daxing'an Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, Changbai Mountains, Taiwan Mountains Wushan Mountains, etc. There are 19 mountains with an altitude of more than 7000 meters in the world, and 7 are located in China and on the national border. Many high mountains are distributed on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, known as the "roof of the world". The Himalayas, with an average altitude of 6000 meters, is the world's highest and majestic mountain range. Its main peak, Mount Everest, is 8848.86 meters above sea level, the world's highest peak. The Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon is 504.6km long and 6009m deep, making it the world's largest canyon. In addition, there are famous mountains such as Huangshan, Taishan, Huashan, Songshan, Hengshan, Hengshan, Emei, Lushan, Wudang, Taibai, Wuyi, Yandang and Qingcheng.

rivers

It mainly includes Yangtze River, Yellow River, Heilongjiang River, Pearl River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Yarlung Zangbo River, Tarim River, Lancang River, Nujiang River, Minjiang River, Qiantang River, Han River, Yalu River, Tumen River, Han River, Xiangjiang River, Ganjiang River, Zhuoshuixi River, Nandu River, Luan River, weak water, Shule River, Yili River, Erqisi River, Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal, Lingqu Canal, Jiaolai Canal, Lixia River, etc. The Yangtze River is the largest river in China, with a total length of 6300 kilometers. It is the third longest river in the world after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon in South America. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, with a total length of 5464 kilometers.

lake

It mainly includes Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Qinghai Lake, Hongze Lake, Gaoyou Lake, Nansi Lake, Hulun Lake, Beier Lake, Bosten Lake, Namco, Selinco, Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake, Fuxian Lake, Riyue Lake, Honghu Lake, West Lake, Qiandao Lake, Weishan Lake, Changbai Mountain Tianchi Lake, Tianshan Tianchi Lake, etc. Poyang Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River plain is the largest freshwater lake in China, with an area of 3583 square kilometers. Qinghai Lake on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the largest salt water lake in China, with an area of 4583 square kilometers.

coast

The coastline of Chinese Mainland stretches from the Yalu River Estuary in Liaoning Province in the north to the Beilun River Estuary in Guangxi Province in the south, with a total length of more than 18000 kilometers; The island coastline is more than 14000 kilometers long. (as of 1997)

Islands and coastal waters

They mainly include Taiwan Island, Hainan Island, Chongming Island, Zhoushan Island, Haitan Island, Dongshan Island, Dongshan Island, Jinmen Island, Yuhuan Island, Xiamen Island, Shangchuan Island, Dongtou Island, Diaoyu Island, Nan'ao Island, Weizhou Island, Heixiazi Island, Huangyan Island, Changshan Islands, Miaodao islands, Zhoushan Islands, Nanri Islands, Wanshan islands, the Xisha Islands, the Nansha Islands, the Dongsha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands, Penghu Islands and other islands.

The seas adjacent to the edge of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan Island include the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east of Chinese Mainland. The Bohai Sea is the inland sea extending into mainland China. The Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea span 32 degrees longitude from east to west and 44 degrees latitude from north to south. In addition, there are three major straits, namely, the Bohai Strait, the Taiwan Strait, and the Qiongzhou Strait. The total sea area is 4.73 million square kilometers (as of 1997).

Climatic characteristics

The climate of China is complex and diverse, including temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau mountain climate. From south to north, it crosses the tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, middle temperate and cold temperate temperature zones.

mineral products

China has a vast territory, diverse geological conditions, rich mineral resources, 171 kinds of minerals. There are 157 kinds of proven reserves. The proven reserves of tungsten, antimony, rare earth, molybdenum, vanadium and titanium rank first in the world. The reserves of coal, iron, lead and zinc, copper, silver, mercury, tin, nickel, apatite, asbestos, etc. rank among the top in the world.

The main feature of the distribution of mineral resources in China is uneven regional distribution. For example, iron is mainly distributed in Liaoning, eastern Hebei and western Sichuan, and rarely in northwest; Coal is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest, Northeast and Southwest China, of which Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other provinces are the most concentrated, while the southeast coastal provinces are few. This uneven distribution makes some minerals relatively concentrated, such as tungsten ores, which are distributed in 19 provinces and regions. The reserves are mainly concentrated in southeast Hunan, southern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong, western Fujian and eastern Guangxi. Although it is conducive to large-scale mining, it also brings great pressure to transportation. In order to effectively allocate and use the unevenly distributed resources nationwide, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of transportation.

land

China's land resources have four basic characteristics: large absolute quantity, small per capita possession; The types are complex and diverse, and the proportion of cultivated land is small; The utilization situation is complex, and the regional difference of productivity is obvious; The regional distribution is uneven, and the problems of protection and development are prominent.

forest

According to the results of the eighth national forest resource inventory, the national forest area is 208 million hectares, the forest coverage rate is 21.63%, and the forest stock is 15.137 billion cubic meters. The artificial forest covers an area of 69 million hectares and has a volume of 2.483 billion cubic meters, ranking first in the world.

water resource

China's total water resources account for 44.2% of the total precipitation, with an average water production of 290000 cubic meters per square kilometer. The total amount of fresh water resources is 2.8 trillion cubic meters, ranking sixth in the world, and the per capita share is 1/4 of the world's per capita share, ranking 88th.

animal

China is one of the countries with the richest animal resources in the world. According to statistics, there are about 2070 species of terrestrial vertebrates in China, accounting for 9.8% of the world's terrestrial vertebrates. Among them, there are more than 1170 species of birds, 400 species of mammals and 184 species of amphibians, accounting for 13.5%, 11.3% and 7.3% of the world's similar animals respectively. Starting from the Himalayas in the west, the northern Hengduan Mountains, the Qinling Mountains, Funiu Mountains, Huaihe River and the Yangtze River in the north of the line, the area is dominated by temperate and cold temperate fauna, belonging to the Palaearctic realm, while the area south of the line is dominated by tropical fauna, belonging to the Oriental realm. In fact, due to the flat terrain in the east and the north-south trend of Hengduan Mountain in the west, the phenomenon of mutual infiltration and intermingling of animals in the two worlds is relatively obvious.

Botany

China has a vast territory, complex terrain, diverse climate, rich vegetation types and complex distribution. In the eastern monsoon region, there are tropical rain forests, tropical monsoon forests, middle and south subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, northern subtropical deciduous broad-leaved evergreen broad-leaved mixed forests, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, cold temperate coniferous forests, subalpine coniferous forests, temperate forest grasslands and other vegetation types. In the northwest and Qinghai Tibet Plateau, there are dry grassland, semi desert grassland shrub, dry desert grassland shrub, plateau cold desert, alpine grassland meadow shrub and other vegetation types.

There are many kinds of plants. According to statistics, there are 300 families, 2980 genera and 24600 species of seed plants. Among them, 2946 genera are angiosperms (accounting for 23.6% of the total angiosperms in the world). The relatively ancient plants account for about 62% of the total genera in the world. Some plants, such as metasequoia and ginkgo, have been extinct in other parts of the world, and they are all "living fossils" left in China. There are many kinds of seed plants with cold, warm and hot zones. In addition, there are colorful cultivated plants. In terms of use, there are more than 1000 kinds of timber trees, more than 4000 kinds of medicinal plants, more than 300 kinds of fruit plants, more than 500 kinds of fiber plants, more than 300 kinds of starch plants, more than 600 kinds of oil plants, and more than 80 kinds of vegetable plants, making it one of the countries with the richest plant resources in the world.

The Constitution of China stipulates that the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China are as follows: (1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; （2） Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; （3） Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns.

Municipalities directly under the Central Government and larger cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties and cities.

Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are all national autonomous areas. The State may, when necessary, establish special administrative regions. The systems to be implemented in the special administrative regions shall, in light of the specific circumstances, be prescribed by law by the National People's Congress.

By the end of 2020, China has 34 provincial administrative regions (including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government, and 2 special administrative regions), 333 prefecture level administrative regions, 2844 county-level administrative regions, and 38741 township level administrative regions. Beijing is the capital of China.

Country number

Meaning of country number

"China" means China and Huaxia.

"People" is a political concept, relative to the enemy. In contemporary China, all classes, strata and social groups that support socialism and the reunification of the motherland belong to the people. The people refer to all socialist workers, patriots who support the reunification of the motherland and patriots who support socialism.

The word "republic" in English comes from the Latin republica (meaning the public affairs of the people). Republics generally mean to enjoy power and govern together, but in different countries and different historical periods, the power subjects of republics have different scopes. The republic in the modern sense emphasizes that all citizens participate in the formulation of national laws, policy formulation and implementation, including direct and indirect participation, such as referendum, representative system, etc.

Determine process

During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Mao Zedong repeatedly elaborated the meaning of the "Democratic Republic of China" to be established in the future. On December 30, 1948, Mao Zedong's 1949 New Year's dedication to Xinhua News Agency, "Going the Revolution to the End," clearly announced that "in 1949, a political consultative conference will be convened to complete the people's revolutionary tasks without the participation of reactionaries, proclaiming the establishment of the People's Republic of China and forming the central government of the Republic."

On June 16, 1949, the first plenary session of the Preparatory Committee of the New CPPCC adopted Article 3, paragraph 5 of the Regulations on the Organization of the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference as "proposing a plan for the establishment of the government of the People's Democratic Republic of China".

On June 19 of the same year, during the fourth panel discussion of the New CPPCC Preparatory Meeting, Zhang Xiruo, a professor of Tsinghua University, questioned the name of the People's Democratic Republic of China. He said that the name of the country was too long and suggested removing the word "democracy". Finally, "the People's Republic of China" was adopted.

On September 27 of the same year, the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC adopted a resolution to officially designate the country as "the People's Republic of China". And the abbreviation of "Republic of China" after the country name is removed. Since then, the "Republic of China" has been completely removed from the General Assembly document adopted by the CPPCC. After the founding of New China, the "Republic of China" was replaced by the "People's Republic of China".

national emblem

The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China is Tian'anmen Square illuminated by five stars in the middle and surrounded by ears of grain and cogwheels.

national flag

The national flag of the People's Republic of China is the symbol and symbol of the People's Republic of China. Every citizen and organization should respect and cherish the National Flag.

national anthem

The Constitution (Amendment) adopted at the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress adds a paragraph to Article 136 of the Constitution, which stipulates that the national anthem of the People's Republic of China is the March of the Volunteers.

Total population

At 0:00 on November 1, 2020, the basic population information of the People's Republic of China was announced as follows: the total population of the country was 1443497378, including 1411778724 people from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and active servicemen in the mainland who were registered in the census; The population of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is 7474200; The population of the Macao Special Administrative Region is 683218; The population of Taiwan is 23561236.

At 10 a.m. on May 11, 2021, Ning Jizhe, director of the National Bureau of Statistics, reported at the meeting that the population of the mainland of China totaled 1411.78 million, an increase of 72.06 million or 5.38% compared with 1339.72 million in 2010; The average annual growth rate was 0.53%, 0.04 percentage points lower than the average annual growth rate of 0.57% from 2000 to 2010. The data shows that the population of the People's Republic of China has continued to maintain a low growth trend in the past 10 years. Among the national population, the male population is 723339956, accounting for 51.24%; The female population is 688438768, accounting for 48.76%. The total population sex ratio is 105.07.

Note: the national population refers to the population of active servicemen in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government of Chinese Mainland, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents and foreigners living in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.

Ethnic Profile

There are 56 officially recognized nationalities in China, including Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Korean, Manchu, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Kazak, Dai, Li, Lisu, Wa, She, Gaoshan, Lahu, Shui, Dongxiang, Naxi, Jingpo, Kirgiz, Tu, Daur, Mulao, Qiang Bulang, Sala, Maonan, Gelao, Xibo, Achang, Pumi, Tajik, Nu, Uzbek, Russian, Ewenki, De'ang, Baoan, Yugur, Jing, Tatar, Dulong, Oroqen, Hezhe, Menba, Loba, Jino and Han.

Among the large family of the Chinese nation, the Han nationality has the largest population, accounting for more than 90% of the total population of the country. The other 55 ethnic groups have a small population and are called minorities.

The results of the seventh national population census released on May 11, 2021 show that the Han population is 1286.31 million, accounting for 91.11%, and the population of all ethnic minorities is 125.47 million, accounting for 8.89%. Compared with 2010, the population of Han nationality increased by 4.93%, the population of all ethnic minorities increased by 10.26%, and the proportion of ethnic minorities increased by 0.40 percentage points.

Gender composition

The results of the seventh national population census will be released on May 11, 2021. The data shows that the male population of the People's Republic of China is 723.34 million, accounting for 51.24%; The female population is 688.44 million, accounting for 48.76%. The sex ratio of the total population (100 women, male to female ratio) was 105.07, basically the same as that in 2010, with a slight decrease. The sex ratio at birth was 111.3, down 6.8 from 2010. The gender structure of the population of the People's Republic of China has continued to improve.

Age composition

The results of the seventh national population census will be released on May 11, 2021. According to the data, the population aged 0-14 in the People's Republic of China is 253.38 million, accounting for 17.95%; The population aged 15-59 is 894.38 million, accounting for 63.35%; The population aged 60 and above is 264.02 million, accounting for 18.70% (of which, the population aged 65 and above is 190.64 million, accounting for 13.50%). Compared with 2010, the proportion of people aged 0-14, 15-59 and 60 years and over increased by 1.35 percentage points, decreased by 6.79 percentage points and increased by 5.44 percentage points respectively. The proportion of children in the population of the People's Republic of China has rebounded, and positive results have been achieved in the adjustment of the fertility policy.

Educated population

The results of the seventh national population census will be released on May 11, 2021. The data show that the population with college education is 218.36 million. Compared with 2010, the number of college educated people per 100000 increased from 8930 to 15467, the average length of schooling of the population aged 15 and above increased from 9.08 to 9.91, and the illiteracy rate decreased from 4.08% to 2.67%.

Urban and rural population

The results of the seventh national population census will be released on May 11, 2021. The data shows that the population living in cities and towns is 901.99 million, accounting for 63.89%; The rural population is 509.79 million, accounting for 36.11%. Compared with 2010, the urban population increased by 236.42 million, the rural population decreased by 164.36 million, and the proportion of urban population increased by 14.21 percentage points.

floating population

The results of the seventh national population census will be released on May 11, 2021. The data shows that the population separated from households is 492.76 million, of which the population separated from households in municipal districts is 116.94 million, and the floating population is 375.82 million, of which the interprovincial floating population is 124.84 million. Compared with 2010, the separated population increased by 88.52%, the separated population in municipal districts increased by 192.66%, and the floating population increased by 69.73%.

National Constitution

The current Constitution of China was adopted at the fifth session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 4, 1982, and promulgated for implementation by the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982. Thereafter, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China was adopted on April 12, 1988, March 29, 1993, March 15, 1999, March 14, 2004 and March 11, 2018 respectively.

Authority

The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its standing body is the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.

administrative organ

The State Council of the People's Republic of China, or the Central People's Government, is the executive organ of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration. The Premier assumes overall responsibility for the work of the State Council. All ministries and commissions shall implement the system of ministers and directors in charge.

State Council of the PRC

The State Council of the People's Republic of China, that is, the Central People's Government, is the executive organ of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration. It is composed of the Premier, Vice Premiers, State Councillors, ministers of ministries, chairmen of commissions, the Auditor General and the Secretary General. The Premier assumes overall responsibility for the work of the State Council. Under the leadership of the Premier, the Secretary General of the State Council is responsible for handling the day-to-day work of the State Council. The State Council shall establish a general office under the leadership of the Secretary General.

Constituent departments of the State Council

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, the National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Ecological Environment of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Veterans Affairs of the People's Republic of China, People's Bank of China, Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China The Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China, and the National Audit Office of the People's Republic of China

Special institutions directly under the State Council

State owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council

Institutions directly under the State Council

The General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China, the State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration, the General Administration of Sport of the People's Republic of China, the State Agency for International Development Cooperation, the Counsellor's Office of the State Council, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration of Radio and Television, the State Statistics Bureau, the State Medical Security Bureau, and the State Administration of Organ Affairs

Administrative Office of the State Council

Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council, Research Office of the State Council

Institutions directly under the State Council

Xinhua News Agency, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Development Research Center of the State Council, the China Meteorological Administration, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Central Radio and Television Corporation, and the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission

State bureaus under the administration of ministries and commissions under the State Council

State Bureau of Letters and Calls, State Energy Administration, State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Civil Aviation Administration of China, State Administration of Cultural Relics, State Administration of Coal Mine Safety, State Drug Administration, State Food and Materials Reserve, State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, State Migration Administration, State Railway Administration, State Postal Administration, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, State Intellectual Property Office

Supervisory organ

The supervisory commissions at all levels of the People's Republic of China are the state supervisory organs. The supervisory committee shall exercise its supervisory power independently in accordance with the law and shall not be subject to interference by administrative organs, social organizations or individuals. When handling cases involving violations of duty and crimes committed by taking advantage of duty, supervisory organs shall cooperate and restrict each other with judicial organs, procuratorial organs and law enforcement departments.

judicial office

It is generally understood that China's judicial organs include the "public security, procuratorial, judicial, and security" organs. "Public" refers to the public security organ, "procuratorate" refers to the procuratorial organ (People's Procuratorate), "law" refers to the judicial organ (People's Court), "department" refers to the judicial administrative organ, and "security" refers to the national security organ. "Public security organs, procuratorates, law enforcement organs and security organs" perform different duties according to their functions. In China, although public security organs, national security organs and judicial administrative organs are administrative organs, they also assume some judicial functions. People's courts and people's procuratorates are judicial organs that exercise judicial and procuratorial powers.

The people's courts of the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state. The people's courts exercise judicial power independently in accordance with the law, and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, social organizations or individuals.

The People's Procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are the state's organs for legal supervision. The People's Procuratorates exercise procuratorial power independently in accordance with the provisions of the law and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations or individuals.

In handling criminal cases, the people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall divide their responsibilities, cooperate with each other and check each other to ensure the accurate and effective implementation of the law.

political party system

The Communist Party of China is the ruling party in China. The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation, the leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, representing the development requirements of China's advanced productive forces, the direction of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. The highest ideal and ultimate goal of the Party is to realize communism.

China's participating parties are China's eight democratic parties, namely, the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, the China Democratic League, the China Democratic National Association, the China Association for the Promotion of Democracy, the China Peasants and Workers Democratic Party, the China Zhigong Party, the Jiusan Society, and the Taiwan Democratic Self Government Alliance.

The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China is a basic political system of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is an organization of the Chinese people's patriotic united front, an important institution for multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, an important form of promoting socialist democracy in China's political life, an important component of the national governance system, and an institutional arrangement with Chinese characteristics.

Social groups

Social groups are an important part of contemporary Chinese political life. Chinese social organizations are quasi official.

China's eight major people's organizations: the All China Federation of Trade Unions, the Communist Youth League of China, the All China Women's Federation, the China Association for Science and Technology, the All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese, the All China Association of Taiwan Compatriots, the All China Youth Federation, and the All China Federation of Industry and Commerce.

state leaders

China is the world's second largest economy, the world's largest industrial country and the world's largest agricultural country.

On November 22, 2019, the National Bureau of Statistics revised the preliminary GDP accounting in 2018. The main results are as follows: GDP in 2018 was 91928.1 billion yuan, an increase of 1897.2 billion yuan or 2.1% over the preliminary accounting figures.

On December 30, 2020, after final verification, the current GDP in 2019 is 98651.5 billion yuan, 435 billion yuan less than the initial accounting figure; Calculated at constant prices, it increased by 6.0% over the previous year and decreased by 0.1 percentage point over the preliminary accounting figures.

On February 28, 2021, the National Bureau of Statistics released data. According to preliminary accounting, the annual gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 was 101598.6 billion yuan, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year. Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 7775.4 billion yuan, up 3.0%; The added value of the secondary industry was 38425.5 billion yuan, up 2.6%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 55397.7 billion yuan, up 2.1%. The added value of the primary industry accounted for 7.7% of GDP, the added value of the secondary industry accounted for 37.8%, and the added value of the tertiary industry accounted for 54.5%. In the whole year, the final consumption expenditure drove the GDP down by 0.5 percentage points, the gross capital formation drove the GDP up by 2.2 percentage points, and the net exports of goods and services drove the GDP up by 0.7 percentage points. On a quarterly basis, GDP in the first quarter fell 6.8% year on year, grew 3.2% in the second quarter, 4.9% in the third quarter and 6.5% in the fourth quarter. It is estimated that the annual per capita GDP will be 72447 yuan, an increase of 2.0% over the previous year. The gross national income was 100915.1 billion yuan, an increase of 1.9% over the previous year. The energy consumption of China's 10000 yuan GDP decreased by 0.1% over the previous year. The total labor productivity is expected to be 117746 yuan/person, an increase of 2.5% over the previous year.

In 2021, the annual GDP will be 114367 billion yuan.

Languages

languages

Among the 55 ethnic minorities, except for the Hui and Manchu nationalities, 53 other ethnic minorities use their own language; There are 21 nationalities with written languages, and 27 languages are used in total.

Language family

From the perspective of language family, the languages used by 56 ethnic groups in China belong to five major language families: Sino Tibetan language family, Altaic language family, Nandao language family, South Asian language family and Indo European language family.

literature

The literature of the People's Republic of China generally falls into the category of contemporary Chinese literature. The convening of the "First Cultural Congress" in July 1949 marked that Chinese new literature took this as a starting point and entered the stage of contemporary literature. Chinese contemporary literature is different from Chinese modern literature in nature: it is limited to socialist pluralistic literature under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. This kind of nature makes the contemporary literature with extremely complicated features and characteristics significantly different from the literature of any previous social form and era. Chinese contemporary literature has generally gone through three historical stages: the first 17 years after the founding of New China (1949 - 1966), the decade of the "Cultural Revolution" (1966 - 1976) and the new period (after 1976). Since the beginning of the 21st century, the concepts of Chinese free writers and Chinese free literature have emerged, which has promoted Chinese contemporary literature to a new and unprecedented height, making Chinese contemporary literature more vague and personal emotional, and a real era of self regression of literature is emerging.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, dozens of literary awards have been set up, including Mao Dun Literature Award, Lu Xun Literature Award and the annual selection of Chinese literary figures. The Modern Chinese Literature Museum, built in Beijing in 2000, collects desks, chairs and writing tools used by 18 of the most famous Chinese writers, as well as a large number of literary works, handwriting, translations, letters and other materials.

On October 11, 2012, Mo Yan won the 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature. This is the first time that China has won this award.

diet

Since ancient times, China has had the aphorism of "food is the most important thing for the people", "the three armies have not moved, and food and grass are the first". After thousands of years of development, China has formed its own food culture, which is a long regional culture with broad vision, deep level, multi angles and high taste; It is the material wealth and spiritual wealth created, accumulated and influenced by the Chinese people in the production and living practice of the surrounding countries and the world in the aspects of food source development, tableware development, food conditioning, nutrition and health care, and diet aesthetics.

chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a kind of traditional medicine that originated in China and takes the medical practice of ancient Chinese Han nationality as the main body. It has a history of thousands of years. According to the terms approved by the National Science and Technology Terms Approval Committee of China, Chinese medicine is a "comprehensive science that takes the theory and practical experience of Chinese medicine as the main body to study the transformation law of health and disease in human life activities and its prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and health care".

traditional festival

The Measures for Holidays on National Annual Festivals and Memorial Days stipulates that the local people's governments in the areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities shall set holiday dates according to the customs of ethnic groups.

China's major traditional festivals include the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, the Tomb Sweeping Day, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid Autumn Festival, etc. In addition, all ethnic minorities also keep their own traditional festivals, such as the Dai Water Splashing Festival, the Mongolian Nadam Convention, the Yi Torch Festival, the Yao Danu Festival, the Bai March Street, the Zhuang Song Fair, the Tibetan Calendar Year and the Fruit Watching Festival, the Miao Flower Dance Festival, etc.

China pursues a defensive national defense policy. China places the safeguarding of national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, safeguarding the interests of national development and protecting the interests of the people above all else, and strives to build a strong national defense and military commensurate with national security and development interests, so as to achieve the unity of a rich country and a strong military in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

The goals and tasks of China's national defense in the new era are: to safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests; Maintain social harmony and stability; To modernize national defense and the armed forces; To safeguard world peace and stability.

In accordance with the needs of national security and the level of economic and social development, China implements the "three-step" development strategy for the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, and advances the modernization of national defense and the armed forces in a planned and step-by-step manner. This strategic vision mainly includes: promoting the informatization of national defense and the military, coordinating economic construction and national defense construction, deepening the reform of national defense and the military, and taking the road of leapfrog development.

Diversified use of China's armed forces in peacetime: safeguarding the security of border defense, coastal defense and air defense, maintaining social stability, participating in national construction, emergency rescue and disaster relief, participating in United Nations peacekeeping operations, escort in the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters, Sino foreign joint exercises and training, and international disaster relief.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the total length of transportation lines has grown greatly, and the transportation network of developed countries has been comparable. The transportation trunk line continues to extend inland and border areas, the transportation network continues to expand, and the transportation capacity is also gradually improved.

By the end of 2019, China's railway operating mileage will reach more than 139000 kilometers, including 35000 kilometers of high-speed railway, ranking first in the world.

education

Chinese education is an educational undertaking under the charge of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Nine year compulsory education has been implemented since 1986. The education stage is divided into kindergarten, primary school, junior high school, senior high school and university. China has a large number of universities, and the number of college students is the first in the world. Some universities offer postgraduate education and have doctoral programs.

In 2020, there will be 1.107 million students enrolled in postgraduate education, 3.14 million graduate students in school, and 729000 graduates. There were 9.675 million students enrolled in ordinary colleges and universities, 32.853 million students on campus and 7.972 million graduates. Secondary vocational education enrolled 6.447 million students, 16.634 million students and 4.849 million graduates. There were 8.764 million students enrolled in ordinary high schools, 24.945 million students on campus and 7.865 million graduates. The junior high school enrolled 16321000 students, enrolled 49141000 students and graduated 15353000. Ordinary primary schools enrolled 18.081 million students, 107.254 million students and 16.403 million graduates. Special education enrolled 149000 students, 881000 students and 121000 graduates. There are 48.183 million preschool children in the kindergarten. The consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education was 95.2%, and the gross enrollment rate in senior high school was 91.2%.

media

With the development of society and the progress of economy, the central government of China has relaxed its control over the media year by year. The Chinese media has shown a certain degree of vitality and diversity, and also discussed social issues and public policies with a certain degree of openness.

Press and Publications

Since the reform and opening up, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the press and publication work and made a series of major arrangements and decisions, which has brought the Chinese press and publication industry into a new stage of rapid, healthy and sustainable development. China's books, newspapers, electronic publishing and printing industries have all entered the forefront of the world and become a veritable publishing country.

public health

Since the reform and opening up, China's health service has made remarkable achievements. A medical and health service system covering both urban and rural areas has basically taken shape. The ability to prevent and treat diseases has been constantly enhanced. The population covered by medical security has gradually expanded. The level of health science and technology has been rapidly improved. The health level of the people has improved significantly. The main health indicators of residents are in the forefront of developing countries.

According to the data of the fifth population census in 2005, the average life expectancy in China is 73.0 years. By the end of 2011, the maternal mortality rate was 26.1 per 100000; The infant mortality rate was 12.1 per 1000.

By the end of 2020, there were 1.023 million medical and health institutions nationwide, including 35000 hospitals, 12000 public hospitals and 24000 private hospitals; 971000 primary medical and health institutions, including 36000 township hospitals, 35000 community health service centers (stations), 290000 outpatient departments (clinics) and 610000 village clinics; There are 14000 professional public health institutions, including 3384 centers for disease prevention and control and 2736 health supervision institutes (centers). At the end of the year, there were 10.66 million health technicians, including 4.08 million licensed doctors and assistant licensed doctors, and 4.71 million registered nurses. There are 911 thousand beds in medical and health institutions, including 7.13 million in hospitals and 1.39 million in township hospitals. A total of 7.82 billion people were diagnosed and treated, and 230 million people were discharged.

Labor employment

China has implemented the strategy of giving priority to employment, adhered to economic development as a driving force for employment, formulated and implemented a series of macro policies to promote employment, constantly strengthened and improved macro-control, maintained sustained, rapid and healthy economic development, and laid a solid foundation for expanding employment. Since 2008, China has maintained an average annual urban employment increase of more than 11 million people and transferred more than 8 million agricultural labor force. The number of urban and rural employees increased from 755.64 million at the end of 2008 to 764.2 million at the end of 2011.

Business environment

On October 24, 2019, the World Bank released the Global Business Environment Report 2020. China's business environment ranked 31st in the world, up 15 places from 2018. For two consecutive years, China has been rated by the World Bank as one of the 10 economies with the largest improvement in the global business environment.

As a third world country, China pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. Proceeding from the long-term and fundamental interests of its own people and the people of the world, China has made opposing hegemonism, maintaining world peace, developing friendly cooperation among countries and promoting common economic prosperity its fundamental goal in its foreign work. In handling state to state relations, China has always advocated non-interference in each other's internal affairs, guided by the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and not based on differences and similarities in social systems, ideologies and values. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a member of many international organizations.

China has rich tourism resources. On December 12, 1985, the People's Republic of China acceded to the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and became a party to it. On October 29, 1999, China was elected a member of the World Heritage Committee. In 1986, China began to apply for world heritage projects to UNESCO. As of June 2018, China has 52 "World Heritage", ranking second in the world. Among them, there are 12 "natural heritage" and 4 "natural and cultural heritage", both ranking first in the world.

Calligraphy painting

Chinese characters evolved from pictures and symbols. The writing and development of Chinese characters led to the creation of calligraphy. There were great calligraphers in all dynasties of China, and their calligraphy art and style became typical representatives of the calligraphy of their dynasties. People's love of calligraphy has been spreading.

Contemporary Chinese calligraphy and painting are quite active. China Art Museum and other art museums have held individual art exhibitions or group exhibitions for years; Every year, Chinese paintings go abroad to Japan, South Korea, the United States, Canada and Europe. In addition to Chinese painting, western painting, such as oil painting, printmaking and watercolor painting, has also been developed in China.

With the development of the art auction industry, the gallery industry is also gradually in line with international practices. The art fairs held once a year in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou are another way to trade artworks. Shanghai Art Fair is the most comprehensive art fair in Asia.

industrial art

China has a wide range of arts and crafts with superb skills, and many works can be regarded as unique. Arts and crafts can be divided into two categories: special crafts and folk crafts.

Various folk handicrafts made by cutting, binding, weaving, embroidering, carving, sculpture, painting and other techniques are in a variety of forms, with strong local flavor and national style.

music

China maintains its unique system, unique thinking and unique style in the contemporary music culture of the world, so it is an integral part of its unique contribution to the world music. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the history of Chinese music entered an unprecedented new stage and opened a new and more brilliant chapter. In vocal music, instrumental music, large-scale music genre, as well as opera, dance drama, film music and other aspects, great development and achievements have been made. Some works of Chinese contemporary music can be listed in the classic treasure house of world music.

Popular music appeared in the 1930s and was transferred to Hong Kong and Taiwan in 1949. In 1977, Hong Kong and Taiwan pop music began to enter the mainland. The 21st century presents a state of integration, infiltration and mutual influence.

Theatre

Traditional Chinese drama has a unique name - opera, which, together with Greek tragicomedy and Indian Sanskrit drama, is known as the world's three ancient dramatic cultures. There are more than 300 types of Chinese operas. The main means of Chinese operas is to express the plot in the form of singing and dancing. Peking Opera is the most popular and influential drama, which originated from Kunqu Opera (a more ancient dramatic art). This kind of stage art, which combines singing, reading, doing and playing together, was formed in Beijing in the early 19th century. After more than 200 years of practice, more than 1000 plays with deep artistic value have been accumulated, forming a set of musical plates and performance programs.

On the basis of inheriting the tradition, local operas are constantly reforming and innovating. The more active local operas include Yueju Opera, Huangmei Opera, Sichuan Opera, Henan Opera, Cantonese Opera, etc. Tibetan opera in Tibet has a strong religious color and Tibetan ethnic characteristics, and its performance is bold and bold, with unique characteristics.

Drama was introduced from abroad in the early 20th century. Since 1920s, realism and expressionism have appeared on the stage of drama; By the 1930s, Chinese drama had become mature. Cao Yu's trilogy of this period, Thunderstorm, Sunrise and Field, are considered to be the classics of Chinese drama for their profound connotation and mellow skills. Founded in 1952, the Beijing People's Art Theatre represents the highest level of Chinese drama, including Teahouse, Longxu Valley and other plays.

song and dance

The Chinese classical dance, a set of retro Chinese dance system established by the dance troupe of the Central Academy of Drama, is a Chinese style dance with unique rhythm, body language and aesthetic characteristics, which is based on Chinese operas and adopts the training dance of world ballet.

In the 1990s, new works such as "Tai Chi Impression", "Myth China", "Autumn Lover", "Red Fan", "Chuan Yin", "Sleepless Night", "Tide", "Two Bodies" and so on were born. At the same time, China Dance Orchestra began to enter the international arena, and won many international awards. In the 21st century, large-scale dance dramas began to rise. For example, national dance dramas with Chinese classical dance style, such as Ma Le Visiting the Horizon, Dream of Dunhuang, Farewell My Concubine, Porcelain Soul, and A handful of Sour Jujubes, or ballet with national characteristics, such as The Red Lantern Hanging High, and modern dance dramas with personal expression, such as Thunder and Rain, have gradually won the audience's favor.

Movies

Realistic themes have become the mainstream of Chinese film development. In the new round of film creation upsurge that emerged from the mid 1980s, Old Stories in the South of the City, Wild Mountain, Furong Town, the Founding Ceremony, and The Great Battle became the representative works of this period. These works have high level of attainments in the exploration and innovation of film language in terms of reflecting the depth and breadth of life, realizing the diversification of themes, styles, and styles, and reflecting the depth and breadth of life. During this period, the rise of Zhang Yimou, Chen Kaige, Huang Jianxin and others, known as "the fifth generation" directors, attracted the attention of the international film world.

In the late 1990s, a group of filmmakers born in the 1960s and 1970s became the sixth generation directors in the Chinese film industry, represented by Jia Zhangke, Wang Xiaoshuai and Zhang Yuan. Their film works tend to be civilian, most of which are expressed by documentary techniques. Director Feng Xiaogang became the highest representative of China's commercial film box office record.

China's more influential international film festivals are Changchun International Film Festival and Shanghai International Film Festival. "Golden Rooster Award" is the highest award for outstanding Chinese films. The state has set up the "Huabiao Award" and the "Hundred Flowers Award" selected by the audience to encourage the development of mainstream films.

China is a multi religious country. Chinese religious believers mainly believe in Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity. Chinese citizens can freely choose and express their beliefs and religious identity.

In China, the national religious organizations include the Chinese Buddhist Association, the Chinese Taoist Association, the Chinese Islamic Association, the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, the Chinese Catholic Bishop Corps, the Chinese Christian Three Self Patriotic Movement Committee, and the Chinese Christian Association.

It is a long-term basic policy of the Chinese government to respect and protect freedom of religious belief. As a right of citizens, freedom of religious belief is guaranteed by the Constitution and laws.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the scientific and technological level of the People's Republic of China has been greatly improved, and significant scientific and technological achievements have been made in the fields of computer, aerospace, bioengineering, new energy, new materials, laser technology, etc.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, sports in China has developed in an all-round way, fitness for all has developed vigorously, and competitive sports have made a historic breakthrough. There are more than 1 million sports venues and more than 650000 social sports instructors. During the 11th Five Year Plan period, Chinese athletes won 634 world championships, setting and surpassing the world record for 88 times. The remarkable success of the Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games has fulfilled the Chinese people's expectations for a hundred years. It has become an unparalleled event in the history of the Olympic Games and has greatly stimulated the patriotic enthusiasm and national pride of the Chinese people. The Chinese sports delegation won 51 gold medals, 21 silver medals and 28 bronze medals, ranking first in the gold medal list. August 8 was designated as the "National Fitness Day", becoming the first national sports festival in New China.

From 2007 to 2018, the People's Republic of China has held the most international sports events; China is an important host of the world snooker professional events, and also hosts the F1 China Grand Prix, China Tennis Open and other important international events.

In 1994, China began to professionalize the football league. The Chinese Football League A Group A was once the top league of Chinese football and the predecessor of the Chinese Football Super League. In 2004, the China Football Association officially launched the "China Football Association Super League" (hereinafter referred to as the "Chinese Super League").