Han Yu

Han Yu

Han Yu (768-824, December 25) was born in Heyang, Henan Province (now Mengzhou City, Henan Province). He called himself "the governor of Changli" and was known as "Han Changli" and "Mr. Changli" in the world. In the middle of Tang Dynasty, he was an official, a writer, a thinker and a philosopher.

Zhenyuan eight years (792), Han Yudeng Jinshi, two Jiedu push official, tired official supervision censor. Later, he was demoted to Yangshan because of his comments, and held the posts of wailang, historian, Zhongshu Sheren and so on. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (817), he served as the marching Sima of Peidu, the prime minister, and participated in pacifying the "Huaixi rebellion". Later, he was demoted to Chaozhou for admonishing the Buddha bone. In his later years, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of officials, known as "Han Li Bu". In the fourth year of Changqing (824), Han Yu died of illness. At the age of 57, he gave the Minister of rites the posthumous title of "Wen", so he was called "Han Wengong". In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), he was granted the title of changlibo and worshipped Confucius Temple.

Han Yu was the advocator of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. He was regarded as the head of the "eight great masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" by later generations. He was also called "Han Liu" together with Liu Zongyuan. He was known as "great master of literature" and "literary school of a hundred generations". Later generations, together with Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, called them "four great writers of ancient times". His prose writing theories, such as "the unity of literature and Taoism", "Qi Sheng Yan Yi", "Wu Qu Chen Yan" and "Wen Cong Zi Shun", are of great guiding significance to later generations. Han Changli collection is handed down.

(< I > source of the picture in the overview: < / I > < I > Nanxun Hall

Life of the characters

Hard childhood

Han Yu was born in the third year of Dali (768). His ancestors had been officials in the imperial court or local government, and his father Han Zhongqing was secretary at that time. When Han Yu was three years old, Han Zhongqing died. He was brought up by his elder brother Han Hui.

In the 12th year of Dali (777), Han Hui was demoted as a governor of Shaozhou because of the involvement of Yuanzai. He died in Shaozhou shortly after he took office. After Han Hui's early death, Han Yu first followed his widow's sister-in-law back to Heyang to bury his elder brother, but he couldn't live long. He had to stay with his widow's sister-in-law Zheng in Xuanzhou, south of the Yangtze River. Han Yu spent this period in hardship and prosperity. Han Yu was an orphan. He studied hard since childhood and did not need praise and encouragement from others.

The road of imperial examination

In 786, Han Yu left Xuancheng and went to Chang'an alone. In the meantime, Han Yu went to Hezhong prefecture (Puzhou, now Yongji, Shanxi Province) and went to Han Yan, the elder brother of the clan, to get the recommendation of Hun Li, the governor of Hezhong, but he got nothing.

In the autumn of the third year of Zhenyuan (787), Han Yu went to Chang'an after he got the qualification of rural tribute. In the same year, Han Yu lost his first place in Chang'an and had nothing to rely on. Then came the bad news that his brother Han Yan had died. At the end of this year, Han Yu was able to meet Ma Sui, the king of Peiping, and get his help. After Han Yu, he wrote "the milk of the cat" to feel his virtue.

From the third year to the fifth year of Zhenyuan (787-789), Han Yu failed in the imperial examination three times. In 789, Han Yu returned to Xuancheng.

In 792, Han Yu took the Jinshi examination for the fourth time and finally became the Jinshi No. The next year, he took part in the examination of erudite and macro Ci, and failed. In the same year, Mrs. Zheng, Han Yu's sister-in-law, passed away. He returned to Heyang to observe his funeral for five months.

In the 10th year of Zhenyuan (794), he went to Chang'an again to take part in the examination of erudite and macro Ci, but failed again.

In the 11th year of Zhenyuan (795), he took part in the examination of erudite and macro CI for the third time, but still failed. During this period, he wrote to the prime minister three times, but no reply was received. In the same year, he left Chang'an and went back to Heyang County through Tongguan, so he went to Luoyang, the eastern capital.

Two into the shogunate

In July of the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796), Han Yu was recommended by Xuanwu Jiedu envoy Dong Jin, and he was appointed secretary of the provincial school, and served as Xuanwu Jiedu envoy's observation officer.

During his three years as an observer, Han Yu guided Li Ao, Zhang Ji and other young people to study prose. At the same time, he took every opportunity to publicize his ideas on prose innovation.

In February of the 15th year of Zhenyuan (799), Dong Jin died, and Han Yu left with Dong Jin's coffin. As soon as Han Yu left for four days, the Xuanwu army mutinied and Lu Changyuan and others were killed after he left. There was a great chaos in the army, and Han Yu was saved from disaster because he left first. Han Yu accompanied Dong Jinling to Luoyang, and then arrived in Xuzhou at the end of February. In the autumn of the same year, Han Yu was appointed by Zhang Jianfeng, the governor of xusihao, to be the governor of xusihao. In the winter of the same year, Zhang Jianfeng sent Han Yu to Chang'an Chaozheng. Han Yu is frank and straightforward, never afraid or avoiding anything. He is firm and pure in conduct, but he is not good at handling general affairs.

In the spring of the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), Han Yu returned to Xuzhou. In the summer, he left Xuzhou and returned to Luoyang. In the winter of the same year, Han Yu went to Chang'an for the fourth time to take the examination of the Ministry of officials.

He was relegated many times

Zhengyuan seventeen years (801), through the election. In the spring of the next year, Han Yu was appointed as a doctor of the four branches of the Imperial College. He went back to Luoyang on leave to visit Huashan.

In 803, Han Yu was promoted to the rank of censor. At that time, there was a severe drought in Guanzhong area. After his visit, Han Yu found that the victims were displaced, begging everywhere, and starving people were everywhere in Guanzhong. Witnessing the serious disaster, Han Yu was heartbroken. At that time, Jing Zhaoyin and Li Shi, who were in charge of the administration of the capital, blocked the news and lied about the bumper harvest of grain in Guanzhong and the people living and working in peace and contentment. In his anger, Han Yu went to the book "on drought and hunger", but was slandered by Li Shi and others. In December of the same year, he was demoted to the magistrate of Yangshan County, Lianzhou.

In the spring of 804, Han Yu arrived in Yangshan County to take office.

In the spring of 805, Han Yu was pardoned and left Yangshan County in summer and autumn. In August, he was awarded Jiangling facao to join the army.

In June of the first year of Yuanhe (806), Han Yufeng recalled Chang'an and authorized doctor zhiguozi.

In the third year of Yuanhe (808), Han Yu officially took the post of Guozi doctor.

On June 10, the fourth year of Yuanhe (809), he was given the title of wailang, an official of the capital, and the title of Dongdu, a branch of the capital.

Yuanhe five years (810 years), granted to Henan county magistrate. At that time, Wei, Yun, you and Zhen set up their own left behind palaces, secretly kept soldiers and harbored fugitives. When Han Yu wanted to expose their illegal activities, he deployed officials to cut off their contacts with the people in advance. When the announcement was made at dawn, the left behind officials were so afraid that they were forced to stop.

In the sixth year of Yuanhe (811), he served as the official of Shangshu and returned to Chang'an.

In February of the seventh year of Yuanhe (812), he was reappointed as a doctor of Guozi.

In 813, Han Yu thought he was talented and learned, but he was criticized many times, so he wrote Jin Xue Jie from Yu. After seeing this, the prime minister sympathized with Han Yu and thought that he had the talent of historiography. So he transferred Han Yu to write for the doctor of Bibu and the historian, and was ordered to write Shun Zong Shi Lu.

In October of the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), Han Yu was appointed as a doctor of textual research and was still the editor of the history museum. In December of the same year, Ren Zhi made a patent.

In the first month of the 10th year of Yuanhe (815), he was promoted to zhongshushe, and was granted a fish bag. Before long, those who dislike Han Yu said that when he was the former Jiangling Cao, Pei Jun, the Jiedu envoy of Jingnan, left him for lodging, and the courtesy was heavy. Pei e, Pei Jun's son, is a mediocre person. When Pei e visited his father, Han Yu still called Pei E in the preface of his article. This statement caused great repercussions in the court officials, so Han Yu was granted the title of Prince Youshu.

Follow Huaixi

In August of the 12th year of Yuanhe (817), Pei Du, the prime minister, was appointed Xuanwei disposal envoy of Huaixi and Jiedu envoy of Zhangyi army. Han Yu once suggested that Peidu send thousands of elite soldiers to enter caizhou from the path, and they would be able to capture Wu Yuanji. Before Pei Du had time to go, Li Guang had already sent troops from Wencheng (now Tanghe, Henan Province) to caizhou on a snowy night and captured Wu Yuanji. The strategists of the three armed forces all feel sorry for Han Yu (< I > for the matter of Han Yu's proposal to pacify the Huaixi area, which is contained in Han Yu's sacred tablet, I have doubts here for the time being < / I >). Han Yu also said to Pei Du: "now with the momentum of pacifying Huaixi, Wang Chengzong of Zhenzhou can use words to persuade, not use military force." He found Bai Qi. The letter to Wang Chengzong, the governor of Chengde, was dictated by Bai Qi. After writing it, he brought it to Zhenzhou to explain Wang Chengzong. Wang Chengzong took a photo of Bing Wei and presented the two prefectures of De and Di to show his obedience to the imperial court.

In December of the same year, after the pacification of Huaixi, Han Yu returned to the court with Peidu. He was appointed Minister of the Ministry of punishment for his meritorious service. Xianzong ordered him to write the tablet of pinghuaixi, in which he wrote a lot of stories about Peidu. At that time, Li Yuan was the first to enter caizhou and capture Wu Yuanji alive. He made the greatest contribution. He was indignant at what Han Yu wrote. When Li Guang's wife was forbidden to enter the palace and complained that the inscription was inconsistent with the facts, Xianzong ordered Han Yu's inscription to be polished off and ordered Duan Wenchang, the academician of Hanlin, to rewrite the inscription as a monument.

In April of the 13th year of Yuanhe (818), Zheng Yuqing, the Minister of the Shang Dynasty, was appointed as the detailed envoy because he was familiar with the laws and regulations. He revised the imperial court's ritual system and the five rites of good and bad luck. Han Yu was cited as deputy envoy to take part in the revision work.

Remonstrate and welcome Buddha bone

In the first month of the fourteenth year of Yuanhe (819), Xianzong sent envoys to Fengxiang to welcome the Buddha bones, and Chang'an set off a frenzy of believing in Buddhism. Regardless of his personal safety, Han Yu resolutely went to "on the Buddha bone table" to strongly admonish him. He thought that it was absurd to worship the Buddha bone, and demanded that the Buddha bone be burned, so that people in the world could not be misled by the Buddha bone. Xianzong was furious and wanted to execute Han Yu by capital punishment. Pei Du and Cui Qun tried their best to admonish him, but Xianzong was still angry. For a moment, people were shocked, surprised and regretted, and even the imperial relatives thought that Han Yu was too guilty to be punished, so Xianzong demoted him as the governor of Chaozhou.

When Han Yu arrived at Chaoyang, he went up to defend himself. Xianzong said to the Prime Minister: "yesterday I received the above form from Han Yu after he arrived in Chaozhou. So I think of his admonition to welcome the Buddha bone. He loves me very much. Don't I know? However, as a minister, Han Yu should not say that people are masters of Buddhism

Chinese PinYin : Han Yu